Motivating the Nigerian academic and non-academic staff for sustainable higher education: Insights for policy options

The deteriorating economic environment over the last decade, due in part to declining commodity prices and oil price and exchange rate fluctuations, has shrunk national budgets. Simultaneously, high levels of demographic growth rates have swollen the ranks of the university-age population. Pressures to expand higher education at all levels persist. However, additional public resources for the sector are not likely to become available in the near future. A very critical challenge in an environment of rising demand and declining resources is the proper management of staff basically in the context of motivation