Believing Miracles in 10th–11th Century Baghdad

Arguments from miracles have already received significant attention in the field of Islamic philosophy and theology. However, it is not yet clear how contemporary Christian authors thought about miracles, particularly whether and under which circumstances miracles can serve as a valid source of epistemic justification. This paper aims at shedding light on the epistemology of miracles of four Christian authors belonging to the 10th–11th century network of philosophers commonly known as the ‘Baghdad School.’ The author argues that this debate is characterized by encounters with positions held among kalām theologians, and an increasing disengagement from the Christian apologetic tradition in favor of an assessment of miracles in philosophical terms.