INSECT PESTS INFESTATION, DISEASES AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICE OF LARGE CARDAMOM IN NEPAL: A REVIEW

Prolong infestation of Insects Pests and rapid virulence of several diseases on large cardamom causes a drastic reduction in potential production, threatens Nepalese agricultural finance of 48 hilly districts. Unsustainable, unhealthy, and traditional management practices before and after susceptible are major causes of yield reduction. This review will be fruitful to the segregation and management of major pathogenic entities of large cardamom. The entire information is collected through reviewing different published thesis, articles of Research gate, Science direct, pub med, ministry of agriculture in Nepal, and self field study on cardamom orchards of different agro-climatic districts of Nepal. Large cardamom is a commercially cultivated major cash crop of Nepal having large export potential. However, successful cultivation and management practice is a challenging task for every farmer due to monoculture farming support on the infestation of insect Pests and susceptibility of several diseases. This review helps cardamom farmers for identification of structural abnormalities caused by insect pests, bacteria, fungus, virus, nematodes till date and integrated management practice in field level.