Some Plant Parasitic Nematodes Associated With Grapevines in Thrace, Turkey

Agriculture is the most important sector that produces food for the survival of human beings, creates employment for a large part of the population, and provides raw materials for industry. In many developed or developing countries, agricultural production is carried out in limited areas since lands opened up for agriculture are being lost day by day due to urbanization and drought. For this reason, in order to obtain the amount of agricultural production that will meet the demanded food of the population throughout the world, practices that promote productivity are carried out and efforts are made to eliminate yield losing factors. Many abiotic and biotic factors are involved in deacricing agricultural yield, and one of these factors is plant parasitic nematodes (Luc et al., 2005b). Plant parasitic nematodes belong to phylum Nematoda, the most abundant group of invertebrates with about 30.000 known species. Based on feeding habitat nematodes are classified into 5 groups; fungivores that feed with fungi, bacterivores that feed with bacteria, predators, omnivores and plant parasitic herbivores (Kennedy and Luna, 2004). Approximately 15% of identified nematodes are plant parasitic herbivores and these are the largest group with 250 nematode species from 43 genera harmful to plants and 126 species from 33 genera included in the quarantine list of several countries (Lambert and Bekal, 2002; Singh et al., 2013). Herbivore nematodes that feed on stem, leaf, flower, seed and root of plants were divided into 3 groups (ectoparasite, endoparasite, semi endoparasite) based on feeding behavior. Ectoparasite nematodes feed on an external surfaces without entering into plant roots. Endoparasites totally enters roots while semi endoparasites insert only the head region into root cells to feed (Decreamer and Hunt, 2006). Although many plant parasitic nematodes have been identified in agricultural areas the economically most harmful species include in genera of Heterodera, Globodera, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus and Ditylenchus (Brown, 1984; Smiley, 2009; Janati et al., 2018). Grapevine is the second most widely cultivated fruit crop in the world covering an area Lerzan Öztürk , İbrahim Halil Elekçioğlu Viticulture Research Institute, Tekirdağ, Turkey. Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey