Tap-Water Security and Policy Implications in Hanoi, Vietnam

This paper investigates tap-water securities using the management of non-traditional security (MNS) framework. The study found that tap-water in Hanoi is insecure due to uncertain upstream water sources, weak water quality monitoring, and poor wastewater drainage. Main challenges to tap-water security in Hanoi are ineffective management capacity of the local authorities as well as aging pipeline systems. Improvement in tap-water governance and collaborative co-governing is necessary. Privatization of tap-water utilities is not always effective to ensure tap water accessibilities to all residents. Finally, advanced water technologies are essential to achieving tap-water security in Hanoi.