Variable electromagnetic fields in physiotherapy of diseases of the musculoskeletal system

Increasing evidence suggests that the exogenous electromagnetic field may be involved in many biological processes of great importance for therapeutic interventions. It is known that variable electromagnetic fields are a non-invasive, safe and effective therapeutic tool without obvious side effects. Numerous studies have shown that variable electromagnetic fields can become an independent or additional method of treating diseases of the musculoskeletal system. However, several questions remain unresolved. Prior to their widespread clinical application, further research is needed based on well-designed, high-quality studies to standardize treatment parameters and develop an optimal protocol for healthcare decision making. In this review, we aimed to provide up-to-date data on the mechanism of action, clinical application, and controversy regarding variable electromagnetic fields in the physiotherapy of musculoskeletal disorders.