HETERODOXIAS ESPIRITUALES Y UTOPÍAS EN EL SIGLO XIX ESPAÑOL

El siglo XIX fue una epoca de triunfo de lo secular, ligado a la modernidad, aunque las grandes religiones tambien experimentaron un crecimiento. Frente a esta tendencia, creencias alternativas, como la teosofia, el espiritismo o el misticismo oriental retaron la racionalidad moderna y a las iglesias. El espiritismo prospero en Espana tras la Revolucion de 1868, creandose clubs y una prensa propia en la que se formularon ideas utopicas. Sus seguidores apoyaron cooperativas, sociedades de socorros mutuos, asi como un nuevo marco cultural constituido por ideas feministas, vegetarianas o de medicina alternativa. Asimismo, abogaron por la emancipacion humana a partir de la idea de progreso. Creyeron en la preexistencia del alma y en su reencarnacion en diferentes mundos a partir de la mejora individual. Esa idea evolutiva culmino en utopias, anunciadas por los espectros y localizadas en el futuro o en otros planetas, regidas por sistemas federales y de justicia social. PALABRAS CLAVE: Espiritismo, utopia, librepensamiento, giro espectral -- The 19th Century is thought as a secular stage, linked to modernity, although universal religions also underwent growth. Against this tendency, alternative phenomena such as theosophy, Spiritualism or eastern mysticism challenged modern rationality and religious establishment. In Spain, Spiritualism thrived after the democratic revolution of 1868, creating clubs and newspapers. It displayed utopian points of view. Throughout the last third of the century their followers supported  cooperatives, friendly societies and a new cultural frame constituted by feminism, vegetarianism, alternative medicine and so forth. Likewise, they pursued human emancipation based on the idea of endless progress. They believed in preexisting soul and its reincarnation in different worlds through an improvement process. This evolutionist idea of the soul paved the way to more detailed utopias, addressed by spectres and located in the future or in other planets, that included, as the best examples, territories ruled by federal systems and social justice. KEYWORDS: Spiritualism, utopia, freethinking, spectral turn