Deterrence in and through Cyberspace

Most of the discussion of cyber deterrence has been plagued by ambiguity and a lack of precedent, and this imprecision has resulted in vague or partially implemented policies. This chapter reviews debates about the definition of cyber operations and cyber deterrence, distinguishing the use of cyberspace to support deterrence in other domains and the deterrence of actions in cyberspace itself. The author finds that uncertainty is a resounding theme in this literature, which poses both challenges and opportunities for cross-domain deterrence. Cyber-enabled military capabilities might both bolster U.S. deterrence policies and incentivize attack. In cyber as well as in space, the United States confronts a difficult paradox of capability and vulnerability.