社会发展前工业化阶段乌克兰人的移民

L. Didkivska
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引用次数: 1

摘要

研究的主题是乌克兰人在社会发展的前工业化阶段的移民历史。本文的目的是对移民趋势进行历史和经济分析,确定乌克兰土地上第一次移民流动的地理媒介,以及这一时期移民情绪在人口中传播的体制因素和社会经济后果。研究的结果是确定了乌克兰领土上第一次移民流动的特点,根据其原因对移民进行分类,确定了乌克兰人重新安置的方向和乌克兰人移民的后果。据透露,在乌克兰人的劳动迁移之前,政治迁移与鞑靼人和土耳其人的经常性攻击、基辅罗斯的陷落、民族国家地位的丧失以及乌克兰土地被外国殖民有关。尽管出现了一些消极后果,乌克兰人民在国家建设方面既获得了经济利益,又取得了质的进步。与此同时,劳工移徙导致从事经济活动的工作人口不可逆转地丧失,首先是农民,他们是乌克兰移徙者中最重要的群体。促成乌克兰劳工移徙的主要因素是相似的:体制(废除农奴制)、人口(降低死亡率,同时保持高生育率)、社会经济(低收入的乌克兰农民、大规模贫困和低生活水平)、创新的基础设施(发展最新的通讯手段和大的地理发现),这些因素鼓励了国家间的重新安置。然而,乌克兰人的迁徙媒介是相当多样化的:奥匈帝国统治下的乌克兰人(加利西亚、北布科维纳和外喀尔巴阡的乌克兰)被洲际迁移(美国、加拿大、巴西和阿根廷)所覆盖,而左岸和乌克兰中部的农民则迁移到北高加索和远东。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Migration of Ukrainians at the pre-industrial stage of social development
The subject of the research is the migration history of Ukrainians at the pre-industrial stage of social development. The purpose of the article is the historical and economic analysis of migration trends and the identification of geographical vectors of the first migration flows on Ukrainian lands and the institutional factors and socioeconomic consequences of the spread of migration sentiment among the population during the period. The result of the study is the identification of features of the first migration flows in the Ukrainian territory, the classification of migration according to its causes, the identification of directions of the resettlement of Ukrainians and the consequences of emigration of Ukrainians. It was revealed that the labour migration of Ukrainians was preceded by political migration related to the regular attacks of Tatars and Turks, the fall of Kievan Rus, the loss of national statehood, the colonization of Ukrainian lands by foreign states. In spite of a number of negative consequences, the Ukrainian people received both economic benefits and qualitative progress in state-building. At the same time, labour migration led to the irreversible loss of the economically active working population, above all the peasantry, who were the most important group among Ukrainian emigrants. The main factors contributing to the labour migration of Ukrainians were similar: institutional (abolition of serfdom), demographic (reduction of mortality rate, while maintaining high fertility), socio-economic (low-income Ukrainian peasants, mass impoverishment and low standards of living), innovative infrastructure (development of the newest means of communication and large geographical discoveries) that encouraged intercountry resettlement. However, the vector of migratory flows of Ukrainians was rather diverse: Ukrainians under Austro-Hungary (Galicia, Northern Bukovina and Transcarpathian Ukraine) were covered by intercontinental migration (USA, Canada, Brazil and Argentina), while the peasants of the Left Bank and Central Ukraine migrated to the Northern Caucasus and the Far East.
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