Different approaches in using deproteinized calf blood hemodialysate by elite and non-elite athletes

Deproteinized hemodialysate obtained from calf blood is the component of some biological medicines registered in selected countries in Europe and Asia e.g. Actovegin, Solcoseryl. However, these drugs are not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The use of deproteinized calf blood hemodialysate by elite athletes could be the reason for some discrepancies in sport events. To some extent, the effects of protein-free calf blood hemodialysate resemble the regenerative activity of peptides, such as BPC-157 which in last time was included in World Anti-doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List in group S0 (Non-Approved Substances). Protein-free calf blood hemodialysate contains amino acids, peptides, nucleosides, glycosphingolipids, and inositol-phospho-oligosaccharides. It has been shown that these mixture aforementioned components showed antioxidant activities, increased mitochondrial oxidative capacity, activation of macrophages and stimulation of expression NF-kB. The aim of this review was to analyze the current knowledge about deproteinized calf blood hemodialysate in relation to the anti-doping regulations of sports organizations, and some discrepancies in the fields of sports pharmacy and sports medicine.