俄罗斯帝国的农业社会和农业部:依赖还是合作(19世纪下半叶- 20世纪初)

M. Lysenko
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摘要

本文分析了19世纪下半叶至20世纪初俄罗斯帝国农业部与乌克兰各省农业协会的关系。明确了农业学会直属的农业部和农业厅的结构调整。自国家财产部成立以来,人们认为农业无法管理,只能采用间接方法。我们认为,当局的这一立场在某种程度上为以农业部门为活动重点的公共协会的传播奠定了基础。我们认为,19世纪80年代,农业部对农业社会的态度发生了一定的变化。为了提高省级工作的效率,农业部门决定更积极地利用农业社团,不仅用于教育目的,而且用于具有代表性的,通知等。在研究期间,城市官员和地方公众都讨论了公共社团的地位。事实上,19世纪下半叶的农业社团是政府机构和乌克兰各省农业人口之间的中介。在19 - 20世纪之交,情况发生了变化。我们强调农民农业社会的数量增加,特别是与斯托雷平的改革相关的数量增加。社会组织不仅从事文化工作,而且还从事生产和销售,这成为社会组织活动的一个新领域。农业社会的特点是对现有的政治制度高度忠诚。相信国家的力量,相信有可能吸引国家的支持来解决他们的问题,是他们成员公众观点的一个组成部分。因此,农业社会的领导人与地方当局建立建设性的关系是很自然的。官员往往是农业协会的荣誉会员,他们的倡议得到政府机构的组织和财政援助。第一次世界大战的开始证明了在变化了的条件下两国关系的继续。然而,在我们看来,他们的公共服务逐渐转变为公共责任。文章的结论是,农业社会的信条是寻找中间地带,替代官僚主义和革命的方法来解决农业问题。因此,即使在社会政治对抗加剧的时期,这些组织与政府的矛盾也不是根本的或长期的。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Agricultural societies and the Ministry of agriculture of the Russian Empire: dependence or cooperation (second half of XIX – early XX centuries)
The article analyses the relations of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Empire with agricultural societies of the Ukrainian provinces in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The structural reorganizations of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Department of Agriculture, to which agricultural societies were directly subordinated, are clarified. Since the establishment of the Ministry of State Property, it was believed that agriculture could not be managed and had to be influenced by indirect methods. In our view, this position of the authorities to some extent prepared the ground for the spread of public associations that focused their activities on the agricultural sector. In our opinion, a certain change in the attitude of the Ministry of Agriculture to agricultural societies took place in the 1880s. In order to increase the efficiency of provincial work, the agricultural department decided to use agricultural societies more actively, not only for educational purposes but also for representative ones, informing etc. During the studied period, the status of public associations was discussed by both city officials and local public. In fact, agricultural societies of the second half of the 19th century were intermediaries between government agencies and agricultural population of the Ukrainian provinces. At the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries the situation changed. We emphasize the quantitative increase of peasant agricultural societies, in particular, associated with the reforms of P.A. Stolypin. Public organizations were engaged not only in cultural work, but also in production and marketing, which became a new area of their activity. Agricultural societies were characterised by a high degree of loyalty to the existing political system. Belief in the power of the state and in the possibility of attracting state support to solve their problems was an integral part of the public views of their members. Therefore, it was quite natural for the leaders of agricultural societies to establish constructive relations with local authorities. Officials were often honorary members of agricultural societies, and their initiatives received organizational and financial assistance from government agencies. The beginning of the First World War testified to the continuation of relations in the changed conditions. However, in our opinion, their public service was gradually transformed into public duty. The article concludes that the credo of agricultural societies was to find the middle ground, an alternative to bureaucratic and revolutionary methods of solving the agrarian problem. Therefore, even in periods of growing political confrontation in society, the contradictions of these organisations with the government were not fundamental or protracted.
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