Comparative Myo-architectural Orientation of the Extrinsic Lingual Muscles of the Egyptian Cattle (Bos taurus), Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and Camel (Camelus dromedarius)

Comparative myo-architectural anatomical studies were adopted on both sexes of twelve apparently healthy adults of cattle, buffalo and camel. The study was aimed to describe the architectural orientation of the extrinsic lingual muscles for each species. As well as statistical data between the tongue and extrinsic lingual muscles. The work declared the properties of potent tongue which allowed the cattle and buffalo to perform their behavioral prehension of food. The study described the extrinsic lingual muscles and spotted a light on the role of the geniohyoid muscle on the tongue. The work concluded that the tongue of cattle was stronger than that of buffalo while both were able to depend on their tongue for food prehension. On the other hand, the tongue of camel was found to be adapted for intraoral function.