成年期体验孤独的理论模型

Tetiana Kulaieva
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引用次数: 0

摘要

本文对成年期孤独感的心理特征、结构、标准和指标进行了理论分析。孤独感研究的主要方法及其体验的特殊性被挑选出来(精神分析、现象学、存在主义、社会学、互动主义、认知、亲密、系统、跨学科),在分析的基础上提出了一种全面的方法,根据这种方法,孤独感被定义为个体在交流中的欲望或需求与他/她的社会环境质量之间的delta。孤独的体验被解释为个体与他人之间的一种反馈机制,它对建立最佳的人际交往水平起着调节作用。提出了一种体验孤独的理论模型,该模型具有三成分结构:认知,情感(情绪评估)和意向(行为)成分,其中每一种成分的两极根据体验孤独的建设性或破坏性类型而区分。研究表明,将某种类型的孤独经历归因是根据以下标准发生的:1)对孤独处境的意识、理解和解释(感知自己是一个拥有/没有足够亲密关系的人,有能力(建设性类型的孤独体验)或没有能力(破坏性类型的孤独体验)在独处中找到资源,对自我实现的满意或不满意);2)对孤独处境的感受和体验的形态(沮丧,体验自己的孤立,或者相反,与他人,主要是与自己的家人或浪漫伴侣建立亲密,信任,温暖的关系);3)体验孤独的应对策略(在避免孤独情境、无法独处与对孤独的宽容态度、自主性、抵抗舆论压力的能力和制定自己的行为标准之间取得平衡)等。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Theoretical model of experiencing loneliness in adulthood
The article is devoted to the theoretical analysis of psychological features, structure, criteria and indicators of experiencing loneliness in adulthood. The main approaches to the study of loneliness and the peculiarities of its experience are singled out (psychoanalytic, phenomenological, existential, sociological, interactionist, cognitive, intimate, systemic, interdisciplinary), based on the analysis of which a comprehensive approach is proposed, according to which loneliness is defined as a delta between the desires or needs of an individual in communication and the quality of his/her social environment, and the experience of loneliness is interpreted as a feedback mechanism between the individual and others, which performs a regulatory function to establish the optimal level of human contacts. A theoretical model of experiencing loneliness is presented which has a three-component structure: cognitive, affective (emotional-evaluative) and conative (behavioral) components, in each of which two poles are distinguished depending on the constructive or destructive type of experiencing loneliness. It is shown that the attribution of the experience of loneliness to a certain type occurs according to the criteria: 1) awareness, understanding, interpretation of the situation of loneliness (perception of oneself as a person who has / does not have sufficiently close relationships, ability (constructive type of experiencing loneliness) or inability (destructive type of experiencing loneliness ) to find a resource in being alone with oneself, satisfaction or dissatisfaction with self-realization): 2) modality of feelings and experiences of the situation of loneliness (frustration, experiencing one's own isolation, or, conversely, the presence of close, trusting, warm relationships with others, primarily with one's own family or romantic partner): 3) coping strategies for experiencing loneliness (a balance between avoiding situations of loneliness, the inability to be alone with oneself and a tolerant attitude to solitude, autonomy, the ability to resist the pressure of public opinion and the development of one's own standards of behavior), etc.
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