俄罗斯“友谊列车”宣传故事的建构

Kateryna Boguslavska
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摘要

宣传似乎是俄罗斯侵略乌克兰不可分割的重要组成部分。因此,分析俄罗斯的方法是乌克兰研究人员最重要的任务之一。为了了解宣传是如何起作用的,有必要研究它的具体例子。本文的目的是研究俄罗斯关于“友谊列车”的宣传故事是如何构建的。为此,作者深入研究了这个故事的起源,以及它在俄罗斯媒体上变成假新闻的过程。此外,她还展示了这个假新闻是如何在俄罗斯电影摄影中变成一个精心制作的故事的。伊霍尔·莫西丘克(Ihor Mosiichuk)关于“友谊列车”的挑衅性声明是在克里米亚半岛严重危机期间发表的。“正义部”本应组织这趟列车,以惩罚克里米亚的分裂分子。俄罗斯的宣传机构立即使用了这个词,因为它完全符合克里姆林宫的官方路线,即必须保护克里米亚人民免受乌克兰民族主义者的伤害。俄罗斯媒体使用缩短版的声明,将其变成恐吓的工具,尽管“友谊列车”的真实证据从未存在过。安德烈·康德拉绍夫的纪录片《克里米亚》。《回家的路》(2015)和阿列克谢·皮马诺夫(Aleksei Pimanov)的故事片《克里米亚》(2017)都是为了展示克里姆林宫版本的克里米亚吞并而创作的,完成了“友谊列车”宣传故事的构建。他们都对它进行了详细的阐述,并给出了一套稳定的元素。在谈论2014年2月至3月的克里米亚事件时,俄罗斯的宣传似乎创造了一种经典。这就是为什么下面所有试图讲述克里米亚吞并故事的尝试都极有可能包含“友谊列车”的宣传故事。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The Construction of the Russian Propaganda Story about the “Train of Friendship”
Propaganda appears to be an inseparable and significant part of the Russian aggression against Ukraine. For this reason, analysis of Russia’s methods is one of the most important tasks for Ukrainian researchers. In order to understand how propaganda works, it is necessary to investigate the concrete examples of it. The aim of this article is to study how Russian propaganda story about the “train of friendship” was constructed. To that end, the author delves into the origins of this story as well as its transformation into the fake news in Russian media. In addition, she demonstrates how this fake news has turned into an elaborated story in Russian cinematography. Ihor Mosiichuk’s provoking statement about the “train of friendship”, which Right Sector was supposed to organize in order to punish separatists in Crimea, was made in the midst of the severe crisis on the peninsula. It was immediately used by the Russian propaganda because it perfectly corresponded with the official line of Kremlin, according to which Crimean people had to be protected from Ukrainian nationalists. Russian media used a shortened version of the statement to turn it into an instrument of the intimidation, although real evidence of the “friendship train” has never existed. Andrei Kondrashov’s documentary film “Crimea. The Way Home” (2015) and Aleksei Pimanov’s feature film “Crimea” (2017), which were both created to show the Kremlin’s version of Crimea annexation, completed the construction of the “train of friendship” propaganda story. They both elaborated on it and gave it a certain set of stable elements. Russian propaganda seems to create a kind of a canon to be used when talking about the Crimean events of February-March 2014. This is why it is highly likely that all the following attempts to tell the story of the annexation of Crimea will contain the “train of friendship” propaganda story.
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