Methods of anesthesia during operations on lower extremities

The considered methods of anesthesia for traumatological and orthopedic operations on the lower extremities are spinal anesthesia, epidural anesthesia, general anesthesia, regional anesthesia. We examine the indications, contraindications of each method, their advantages and disadvantages, common complications. We identified most relevant methods of anesthesia depending on age, height, urgency of the operation, the presence or absence of preoperative preparation, the duration of the operation, the state of hemodynamics, the extent of the injury on the basis of research materials review. Various methods of performing anesthesia are provided. The main research objective is to inform about modern methods of anesthesia and drugs for anesthesia, their place in the complex anesthesiological provision of various traumatological and orthopedic operations. The considered anesthesia methods reduce the intensity of postoperative pain and contribute to the prevention of chronic pain syndrome. The effectiveness and safety of each method are analyzed in comparison. Neuroaxial blockades used in the complex of anesthetic aids provide analgesia, hyporeflexia in the area of surgery; general anesthesia leads to analgesia, muscle relaxation and hypnotic effect. These methods of anesthesia significantly exceed the risk of surgery itself due to the possibility of serious complications, and provide intraoperative protection for patients.