Automobile Dependence in Bangkok: An International Comparison with Implications for Planning Policies

This chapter provides a detailed comparison of Bangkok's land use and transport system characteristics with those of cities in North America, Europe, Australia, and especially Asia. The Asian cities include: Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, Jakarta, Surabaya, Hong Kong, Seoul and Tokyo. Comparisons are made for: (1) land use patterns including urban density, energy use, and public transport for journeys to work; (2) provision for cars, including length of road per person and parking spaces in the central business district; (3) car and motorcycle ownership and national purchasing power per head; and (4) patterns in private and public transport and for non-motorised modes. Implications of these comparisons are discussed for vehicle ownership, public transport, walking, cycling, waterways, paratransit, and roads. A recent study of how to handle Bangkok's pollution problem is outlined. Essential policies include: restraints on cars, public transport development, improved walking and cycling environments, transit-oriented mixed-use development, institutional reform, and adoption of strict vehicle emission standards.