匈牙利的经济改革(1950年代末至1960年代)

I. Skyba
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引用次数: 0

摘要

这篇文章专门讨论了匈牙利社会主义工人党(HSWP)改革派代表在J. Kadar领导下于1950年代末至1960年代进行的匈牙利人民共和国经济改革的特点。特别值得注意的是,执政的共产党政权的最终成功是经济改革,其主要条款于1968年1月1日生效,被称为“新经济机制”。改革预期从中央计划体制向指示性体制过渡,即在现有的社会主义计划经济体制下引入市场关系的要素。正如研究指出的那样,匈牙利的自由主义转型源于1956年革命事件后J. Kadar的巩固和社会和谐政策,其目标主要是增加人口的福利。匈牙利最优秀的经济学家和政治人物都在匈牙利社会主义工人党中央委员会书记雷日斯·涅尔斯、总理延约·福克、副总理拉霍斯·费赫萨姆主持下积极参与了发展基本改革。强调指出,匈牙利人民共和国的经济改革带来了下列变化:取消了强制性的计划任务,出现了物质奖励,改变了定价做法,实行了农业自由化,开始了大型合作农场同时运作的小规模生产。根据发达的科学资料,得出的结论是,最显著的成就是在农业方面。然而,在1968年捷克斯洛伐克事件之后,匈牙利的自由主义变革摧毁了指令管理制度,引起了社会主义阵营国家和克里姆林宫的共产主义领导人的不满。在匈牙利社会主义工人党中央委员会政治局和党国机构中也有许多人反对改革,这最终导致了1972-1973年新经济机制的崩溃。通过对国内外专业出版物的分析,指出乌克兰近代史科学研究问题的科学文献数量不足。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
ECONOMIC REFORMS IN HUNGARY (LATE 1950s – 1960s.)
The article is devoted to the characteristics of economic reforms in the Hungarian People's Republic carried out in the late 1950s-1960s by representatives of the reformist wing of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (HSWP) under the leadership of J. Kadar. It is noted, in particular, that the ultimate success of the ruling communist regime was the economic reform, the main provisions of which came into effect on January 1, 1968, having received the name "a New economic mechanism." The reform anticipated the transition from a centralized directive-planning system to an indicative one, i.e., the elements of market-based relations were introduced along with the existing socialist planned economy. As the study pointed out, liberal transformations in Hungary resulted from J. Kadar's policy of consolidation and social harmony after the revolutionary events of 1956, and their goal was primarily to increase the population's welfare. Both the best Hungarian economists and political figures took an active part in developing essential reforms under the chairmanship of the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party Rezső Nyers, Prime Minister Jenő Fock, Vice Prime Minister Lajos Fehér. It is emphasized that the economic reforms in the Hungarian People's Republic brought the following changes: mandatory planning tasks were canceled, material incentives appeared, pricing practices changed, liberalization of agriculture took place, and small-scale production with the simultaneous functioning of large cooperative farms originated. Based on the developed scientific material, it was concluded that the most significant successes were in agriculture. However, after the events in Czechoslovakia in 1968, the liberal changes in Hungary, which destroyed the directive management system, caused dissatisfaction among the communist leaders of the countries of the socialist camp and in the Kremlin. There were also many opponents of reforms in the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party and in the party-state apparatus, which ultimately led to the collapse of the New economic mechanism in 1972–1973. Based on the analysis of specialized domestic and foreign publications, the author points out that the amount of scientific literature on the studied issues in modern Ukrainian historical science is insufficient.
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