Possibilities for the Early Diagnosis of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Head and neck cancers (including cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx) are the sixth most common type of cancer worldwide. Almost all of these cancers are squamous cell carcinomas that develop from the mucosal lining. Due to the lack of specificity of the symptoms and inadequate screening methods, less than half of these tumors are currently discovered, albeit at an early stage. These cancers, therefore, constitute a real public health problem. Smoking, alcohol consumption, certain HPV infections, and chronic betel nut consumption are the main risk factors for developing squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. Early diagnosis depends on performing a complete and systematic physical examination of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx with a nasofibroscope in populations at risk. However, there are no strict criteria, in terms of alcohol and tobacco consumption, to trigger a physical examination by an ENT specialist, and there are no indications concerning the frequency with which such “screening” should be performed in at-risk populations. Even if such “screening strategies” are used in the absence of an alternative, different approaches are used in practice, depending on the medical system and country, and their efficacy and ideal modes of implementation remain unknown.