澳大利亚报纸文本中的性别刻板印象:一个认知语言学的方面

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摘要

本文旨在揭示澳大利亚报纸《悉尼先驱晨报》(“家庭”和“关系”两部分)对男女的描述中所体现的性别刻板印象。所分析的报纸文本是新闻风格文本的缩影,提供对社会问题的报道,讨论、辩护和传播某些思想,形成公众舆论。它们大多是意识形态上的,这预设了根深蒂固的形象的出现,这些形象可能包含积极或消极的评价成分。这样的形象最终发展成刻板印象——文化制约的、连贯的、根深蒂固的心理结构,作为一个物体、事件或现象的图式标准特征。在众多刻板印象中,我关注的是性别刻板印象,这是一种一致的、简化的、充满情感的男性和/或女性的行为模式和性格特征,表现在人类生活的各个方面。它们是一种针对环境的认知的体现,是特定社会阶层的症状。由于刻板印象不仅是新闻文本意识形态的组成部分,而且也是人类认知领域的组成部分,因此我采用认知语言学的方法论,即基本框架理论对其进行了分析。基本框架是构成我们信息系统骨干的示意图性心理结构。框架由命题图式组成,命题图式包含被审视对象的静态和动态特征。分析结果揭示了男性和女性的典型特征列表,这些特征被证明既包含普遍的品质(真诚、浪漫、和蔼可亲),也包含那些与某一性别的代表有关的刻板特征。因此,现代男性大多被描绘成通奸和自私,但又有骑士精神和男子气概,而现代女性则是独立和雄心勃勃的。这种对普通男性和女性的描绘被认为是21世纪初澳大利亚社会的性别刻板印象。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Gender stereotypes in Australian newspaper texts: a cognitive linguistic aspect
This paper aims to expose gender stereotypes embodied in the descriptions of men and women found in the Australian newspaper THE SYDNEY MORNING HERALD (sections “Family” and “Relations”). The analyzed newspaper texts epitomize journalistic style texts and provide coverage of societal issues, discuss, vindicate and propagate certain ideas and form public opinion. They are mostly ideologically charged which presupposes the appearance of entrenched images which may contain either positive or negative evaluative component. Such images eventually develop into stereotypes – culturally conditioned, coherent and hardwired mental structures serving as a schematic standard feature of an object, event or phenomenon. Among a great gamut of stereotypes I focus on gender stereotypes, a consistent, simplified and emotionally charged behavioral pattern and character traits of males and/or females manifested in all aspects of human life. They represent an embodiment of cognition aimed at the environment and symptomatic of certain social strata. Since stereotypes are not only the elements of journalistic text ideology but constituents of the human cognitive sphere as well, I analyzed them employing the methodology of cognitive linguistics, namely the basic frames theory. Basic frames are schematic mental structures which form the backbone of our informational system. The frames consist of propositional schemas containing static and dynamic characteristics of an object under scrutiny. The analysis results reveal the list of typical features of males and females which proved to contain both universal qualities (sincerity, romanticism, amiability) and those characteristics which are stereotypically associated with representatives of a certain sex. Thus, modern men are mostly depicted as adulterous and selfish, yet chivalrous and virile, while modern women are independent and ambitious. Such portraits of average males and females are regarded as gender stereotypes symptomatic of Australian society in the early 21st century.
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