乌克兰的电子生产:建立的历史和提高企业竞争力的方法

V. Butorina
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摘要

本文描述了苏联和苏联独立后电子制造业的发展趋势。提出了提高国内电子产品生产竞争力的关键因素。其中,科技和人力资源发挥着重要作用。电子工业企业的地理位置确定:基辅,利沃夫,赫梅利尼茨基,哈尔科夫,拉克夫,尼古拉耶夫。主要个人电脑制造商的活动和产品分类分别进行了分析(股份公司“Navigator”,公司“VSESVIT”,有限责任公司“Business Technique”和“DiaWest-Computer World”)。分析了2010-2017年电子行业主要分行业企业规模结构变化情况。特别是2015-2017年行业中大型企业数量相对稳定,小企业数量减少。在工业中的某些产品类别中出现了积极的趋势:计算机、电子和光学产品的制造,以及知识强度较低的电气设备的生产。提高国内电子企业竞争力的措施分为三个方面:微观方面(吸引合格的工程设计人员;聘用青年专家;更新范围;让科学家参与研发;有效管理),中经济(高等技术教育;公私合作伙伴关系;增加公共采购;国有资产租赁优惠条件;增加投资本地化;长期银行贷款;创建工业园区;打击走私)和宏观经济(确定科学和工业政策的优先事项;立法的发展;结构转变;开发生产多样化;研究和生产活动及合作的国际商业化;国家创新体系基础设施建设)。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Electronic production in Ukraine: a history of establishment and ways to increase competitiveness of enterprises
The article describes trends in the development of electronic manufacturing in the Soviet Union and after the gain of independence. The factors that may be the key to improving the competitiveness of domestic electronic production are given. Among them, scientific and human resources play an important role. The geography of the enterprises of the electronics industry is determined: Kyiv, Lviv, Khmelnitsky, Kharkiv, Rakhiv, Mykolaiv. The activities and product assortment of the leading manufacturers of personal computers are analyzed separately (Joint Stock Company «Navigator», company «VSESVIT», Limited liability company «Technique for Business», and «DiaWest-Computer World»). Changes in the structure of major subsectors of the electronic industry by size of enterprises during 2010–2017 were analyzed. In particular, the number of medium and large enterprises in the industry in 2015–2017 was relatively stable, while the number of small enterprises decreased. There are positive trends in some product groups in the industry: manufacture of computers, electronic and optical products, and production of electrical equipment with a lower level of knowledge intensity. Measures to increase the competitiveness of domestic electronics enterprises are grouped in three directions: microeconomic (attracting qualified engineering and design staff; employment of young specialists; updating the range; involving scientists in R&D; effective management), mesoeconomic (higher technical education; public-private partnership; increase in public procurement; preferential lease terms for state-owned property; increase in investment localization; long-term bank lending; creation of industrial parks; counteraction to smuggling), and macroeconomic (defining the priorities of scientific and industrial policy; development of legislation; structural transformation; diversification of development and production; international commercialization of research and production activities and cooperation; development of national innovation system infrastructure).
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