Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions/conditions in 35-44 years age group of adults of Patna city, Bihar, India

Background: To study the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions/conditions in the 35-44 age group of adults of Patnacity, Bihar, India. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to assess the prevalence and describe the epidemiology. Materials and Methods: A Hospital based survey was carried out among patients attending the outpatient Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology in Buddha Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital, patients aged 35-44 year age group as per the index age group as per the World Health Organization’s Basic Oral Health Survey’s Criteria. Result: The present study was designed on 1200 subjects to assess the prevalence of oral mucosal lesion who visited our department seeking dental treatment. The result showed that leukoplakia was the most prevalent in our population. More subjects with leukoplakia of 40-44 years in our population were males. Lesion was more prevalent in buccal mucosa and lichen planus had female predeliction in the age group of 35-40 years of age. The lesion was more prevalent in buccal mucosa. Keyword: Leukoplakia, Lichen planus, ANUG, OSMF. Introduction The oral mucosa serves as a protective barrier against trauma, pathogens and carcinogenic agents. It can be affected by a wide variety of lesions and conditions, some of which are harmless while others may have serious complications. Identification and treatment of these pathologies are an important part of total oral health care. Although the terms dental health and oral health are used almost synonymously when stating the goals for oral health, such statements are usually valid only for dental health. This may lead to severe underestimation of the need for total health care. When planning measures for improving oral health, the lack of data may lead to a risk of overlooking diseases of the soft tissues in, and adjacent to, the oral cavity. Prevalence data of oral mucosal lesions are available from many countries, but the information is usually restricted to very few lesions in each survey. Epidemiological studies can provide an important vision for understanding the prevalence, extent and severity of oral disease in population. There are relatively few systematic studies of the prevalence of such lesions in children and youth. Nowadays the importance of oral health to life quality is not in our world. Oral lesions can interfere with daily social activities in involved patient through impacts on mastication, swallowing and speech and symptoms like xerostomia, halitosis or dysesthesia. Epidemiological assays declare a wide variety in the prevalence and most common types of oral lesions in various regions of the world. It is important to know the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions/conditions in the general population as it has a significant negative effect on the oral health, irrespective of the etiology, which will effect the quality of life. Proper management of a patient with an oral lesion starts with an accurate diagnosis. There are lesions whose diagnosis can be made based on data gathered during the history. Oral diseases are major public health problem. Among them oral cancer is at the top of the list. Oral Cancer is the 6 most common cancer in the world which accounts for 350,000 new cases and 128,000 death annually. The most common oral precancerous lesions are oral leukoplakia, erythroplakia, nicotinapalati and oral sub mucous fibrosis. Other include candidiasis, recurrent herpes labialis, hairy tongue, lichen planus etc. The overall prevalence of pre cancerous lesion among patients attending hospital in certain places of India range between 2.5% to 8.4%. Screening of apparently healthy individuals discloses cancer in early and precancerous stage and treatment will be most effective. Precancerous lesions and conditions are seen in healthy individual and hence can be identified by screening. Hence the present study is proposed to screen the oral cavity to identify the precancerous lesions/conditions. Aims and Objectives This study aims to establish the prevalence and describe the epidemiology. To assess the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions/conditions in the 35-44 age group of adults of Patna, Bihar, India. Materials and Methods A Hospital based survey was carried out among patient attending the outpatient Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology in Buddha Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital, patients aged 35-44 year age group as per the index age group as per the World Health Organization’s Basic Oral Health Survey’s Criteria. Sample Size: 1200 outpatients Samar Ali Faraz et al. Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions/conditions in 35-44 years age group of adults of Patna J Dent Specialities. 2019;7(1):23-27 24 Method and Collection of Data: Outpatients from Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology in Buddha Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital, were screened and patient with the following criteria were excluded from the study 1. Patients with any systemic disease. 2. Patients having any malignant oral lesions. 3. Patient in whom an intra oral examination is not possible due to inadequate mouth opening. After ethical committee review oral examination was done by type III mouth mirror and adequate illumination. The oral clinical examination was carried out by single examiner. The data was recorded by an assistant who accompanied the examiner. The collection data was tabulated and sent for statistical analysis. Result The data obtained from the study was compiled, tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. A total of 1200 patient were evaluated. These 1200 subjects were divided into 2 age groups, 35-40 years and 40-44 years. The prevalence of oral mucosal lesion in our study was based on WHO oral health survey criteria. The gender wise distribution and location of the mucosal lesion in the study specimen was observed. Table 1, shows the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions/ conditions in 35-44 years of age group of subjects. Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions / conditions was classified according to age & gender. No abnormal condition was detected in 866(72.16%) of the subjects. The most prevalent variant was leukoplakia which was 74(6.1%). The second most prevalent was lichen planus was 53(4.42%). Aphthous ulcer was reported in 69(5.75%) subjects, herpetic ulcer 39(3.25%), traumatic ulcers 22(1.83%) of subjects. Table 2 shows gender wise distribution of Oral Mucosal Lesion /Condition in 35-44 years age group of subjects. Out of 1200 patients 600 were males & 600 were females in the range of 35-44 years of age group. In the present study out of 74(6.1%) leukoplakia was more prevalent in males 67(5.58%) than females 7(0.58%). In the study group the prevalence of Lichen Planus in which out of 53(4.42%) subjects, males were 21(1.75%) & females were 32(2.67%). In the present group of subjects the prevalence of variants of ulceration was detected, aphthous ulcer out of 69(5.75%), males were 25(2.08%), females were 44(3.7%), herpetic ulcer out of 39(3.25%), males were 10(0.83%), females were 29(2.42%), traumatic ulceration out of 22(1.83%), males were 13(1.08%), females were 9(0.75%). ANUG was observed in male 1(0.08%) and female 1(0.08%) out of 2(0.17%). In our population Candidiasis was observed in 35(2.92%) males. In our study other conditions (OSMF) were more prevalent in females 24(2.0%) than males 16(1.33%) out of 40(3.33%). Table 3 shows age group of study specimen: a total of 1200 subjects in the age range of 35-44 years were included. Since the minimum age of individuals in the study group was 35 years & the maximum aged individual was 44 years, the study age group was divided in two groups as Group A age range from 35-40 & Group B more than 40. The different age group & number of subjects in each group were as follows, Malignant tumour had 0(0%), subjects in both the groups, leukoplakia had 22(1.83%) subjects in the age range group of 35-40 were 52(4.33%) in the age group of> 40 years. Lichen Planus 31(2.58%) was in the age between 35-40 & 22(1.83%) was above the age range of 40-44 of age. In our study presence of aphthous ulceration was detected in 41(3.42%) in the age range of 35-40 & 28(2.33%) in the age range of 40-44, herpetic ulceration 25(2.08%) in the age range of 35-40 & 14(1.17%) in the age range of 40-44, traumatic ulceration 15(1.25%) & 7(0.58%) in the age range of 35-40 & more 40-44 simultaneously. 1(0.8%), 1(0.08%) were in the age group of 35 to 40 & > 40 in ANUG. Candidiasis had 19(1.53%) in the age range between 35-40 & 16(1.33%) in the age of 40-44. Other conditions (OSMF) were prevalent 28(2.33%) in the age range of 35-40 & 12(1.00%) in the age range of 40-44. (Table 3). Location of oral mucosa lesion of study specimen in the present study the prevalence of oral mucosal lesion & conditions were distributed according to location of the lesion. The prevalence of oral mucosal lesion was 93(27.84%) in the buccalmucosa, gingiva 56(16.77%), tongue 72(21.56%), junction of the hard &soft palate 19(5.69%), labial vestibule 37(11.08%), buccal vestibule, palate, lip had a similar prevalence of 19(5.69%). Table 1: Prevalence of oral mucosal lesion/ condition in 35-44 years age group of subjects Oral Mucosal Lesion Total No abnormal condition 866 (72.16%) Leukoplakia 74 (6.1%) Lichen Planus 53 (4.42%) Ulcerationaphthous 69 (5.75%) Ulcerationherpetic 39 (3.25%) Ulcerationtraumatic 22 (1.83%) Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) 2 (0.17%) Candidiasis 35 (2.92%) Other condition (OSMF) 40 (3.33%)