六世纪至十九世纪上半叶意大利的重量系统

A. Zubko
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引用次数: 0

摘要

5世纪末西罗马帝国灭亡后形成的中世纪意大利,完全继承了其物质文化和精神文化。这并不适用于古罗马的国家帝国传统。事实证明,在整个中世纪时期和新时代的部分时期——从五世纪末到十九世纪下半叶,意大利并不是一个单一的国家。此时,意大利北部、中部和南部三个主要地区在这里逐渐形成。每个地区都包括几个历史上相互联系的地区。在这些地区的领土上,有城市-共和国和独立的封建等级。在整个中世纪,每个地区都保留了自己的特色。其中一些差异甚至在现代意大利也保留了下来。它们源于地理环境的特殊性,以及意大利三个地区长期发展起来的政治和经济条件。在意大利政治分权的条件下,罗马帝国存在的包括重量在内的单一计量体系,几个世纪以来逐渐被地方计量所取代。意大利大多数新创建的度量衡系统的基础都是古罗马的度量衡系统。然而,随着生产和国内外贸易的发展,度量衡体系的结构,即单位质量的不断变化。渐渐地,新的体重测量系统在意大利形成了。意大利的度量衡系统的结构有某些共同的特点,但在几乎所有的情况下,它们之间的单位质量都不同。中世纪意大利的重量系统受到了意大利土地在某些时期对查理曼帝国、德意志民族的神圣罗马帝国和奥匈帝国的依赖的影响。因此,在意大利北部和中部的一些地区,随着当地的度量衡系统,开始使用以下度量衡:加洛林银币和金衡系统、德国科隆度量衡系统、奥匈帝国度量衡系统。意大利主要城邦——威尼斯共和国和热那亚共和国、米兰公国和托斯卡纳公国、教皇国、两西西里王国等的长期存在,是整个中世纪期间意大利领土上不断使用度量衡操作系统的结果。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Weight Systems in Italy in the VI – the First Half of the XIX Century
Medieval Italy, which was formed after the fall of the Western Roman Empire at the end of the V century, completely inherited its material and spiritual culture. This does not apply to the state imperial traditions of Ancient Rome. It turned out that during the entire period of the Middle Ages and partly of the New Age – from the end of the V to the second half of the XIX century, Italy was not a single state. At this time, three main regions – Northern, Central and Southern Italy – were gradually formed here. Each region included several historically interconnected regions. In the territory of these regions, there were cities – republics and separate feudal estates. Each region preserved its distinctive features throughout the Middle Ages. Some of these differences have survived even in modern Italy. They arose from the peculiarities of the geographical environment, as well as the political and economic conditions that developed over a long period of time in each of the three regions of Italy. The single system of measures, including weight, which existed in the Roman Empire, in the conditions of political decentralization of Italy, was gradually, over the centuries, replaced by local measures. The basis of most of the newly created systems of weight measures in Italy was the ancient Roman system of weight measures. However, the development of production, domestic and foreign trade caused a constant transformation of the structure of the systems of weight measures, the mass of their units. Gradually, new systems of weight measures were formed in Italy. The structure of the systems of weight measures in Italy had certain common features, but the mass of their units differed among themselves in almost all cases. The weight systems of Italy during the Middle Ages were influenced by the dependence of the Italian lands at certain times on the empire of Charlemagne, the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. As a result, in some areas of Northern and Central Italy, along with the local systems of weight measures, the following measures began to be used: Carolingian silver and troy weight systems, the German Cologne system of weight measures, Austro-Hungarian weight measures. The long-term existence of the leading Italian city-states – the republics of Venice and Genoa, the Duchies of Milan and Tuscany, the Papal State, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, etc. was a consequence of the use of constantly operating systems of measures and weights in the territory of Italy during the entire period of the Middle Ages.
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