英国国教女性执事之争

Artem Kokosh
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摘要

在英国圣公会历史上,20世纪下半叶和21世纪初最重要的问题是关于女性神职人员的争议。这些争论的结果是,英国圣公会开始任命女性为执事,然后是牧师,最后是主教。在东正教看来,这是教义的根本变化和对使徒传统的偏离,尽管在20世纪初,英国国教被认为是最接近东正教的教会之一。向女性神职人员的方向迈出的关键一步是向女性开放主教职位。在俄罗斯和西方的神学科学中,很少有人关注对这第一步的分析,因为历史上最热门的神学讨论是关于女性的祭司身份和女性的主教身份的问题。然而,关于女性主教的决定是非常重要的,因为它实际上为后来所有关于英国圣公会女性牧师职位的决定开辟了道路。本文分析了英国教会出现女执事和女执事的历史过程和神学讨论。本文考察了19世纪中期英国教会中姐妹会和修道院团体的复兴,1862年恢复女执事的倡议,随后1920年兰伯斯会议的正式决定,以及1897年、1908年、1919年和1935年委员会的相关报告。然后,我们分析了关于女执事职能的讨论,以及影响允许女性被按立为执事的决定的其他因素。其中一个因素是教区事工的普遍危机以及加强俗人在圣公会生活中的作用的愿望。因此,1968年的兰贝斯会议向所有留在世俗职业的俗人(包括男性和女性)开放了教区。英国国教是英国圣公会中最保守的教会之一——它在近20年后的1987年引入了女性主教职位。保守团体担心,这一决定将使英国圣公会朝着女性牧师和女性主教的方向“滑向滑坡”。后来的历史证明,这些担忧是完全有道理的。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Disputes on women’s deaconate in the Church of England
In the history of the Anglican Church the top-ranked issue of the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century was disputes on women’s priesthood. As a result of these debates, the Anglican Church began to ordain women as deacons, then as priests, and finally as bishops. In Orthodox view, it was the radical change of the doctrine and the deviation from the apostolic tradition, though at the beginning of the 20th century the Anglican Church was considered as one of the closest churches to Orthodoxy. The first critical step in the direction of women’s priesthood was the opening the diaconate to women. Both in Russian and Western theological science little attention has been devoted to the analysis of this first step, since historically the hottest theological discussion was on the issue of women’s priesthood and women’s episcopate. However, the decision on women’s diaconate was very important since it actually opened the way for all subsequent decisions on women’s priesthood in the Anglican Church. This article offers an analysis of the historical processes and theological discussions that brought the Church of England to the appearance of deaconesses and then women deacons. The article considers the revival of sisterhoods and monastic communities in the Church of England in the middle of the 19th century, the initiative to revive the rank of deaconesses in 1862 and subsequent official decision of the 1920 Lambeth Conference, as well as the relevant reports of the Commissions of 1897, 1908, 1919 and 1935. Then we analyze the discussions about the functions of the deaconess, as well as additional factors that influenced the decision to allow women to be ordained as deacons. One of these factors was the general crisis of the diaconal ministry and the desire to strengthen the role of the laity in the life of the Anglican Church. As a result, the 1968 Lambeth Conference opened diaconate to all laymen remaining in secular occupations (both men and women). The Church of England turned out to be one of the most conservative churches in the Anglican Communion – it introduced women's diaconate almost 20 years later, in 1987. Conservative groups were concerned that this decision would put the Church of England on a "slippery slope" towards women's priesthood and women's episcopate. Subsequent history proved that these fears were completely justified.
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