奥匈帝国时期(1867-1918)外喀尔巴阡地区斯拉夫人语言发展的历史结构分析

Csilla Fedinec, István Csernicskó
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摘要

本文运用历史结构的方法,概述了奥匈帝国时期外喀尔巴阡地区的语言过程。在很长一段时间里,欧洲的国家语言和其编纂的方言并不是人们身份认同的决定性因素,更重要的是,比如,宗教信仰。然而,当语言成为国家认同最重要的象征时,国际语言意识形态被白话化和语言民族主义意识形态所取代,地方民族语言开始崭露头角。在匈牙利,作为这一长期进程的一部分,在受国家直接影响的公共生活领域(例如行政管理和教育),拉丁语和德语逐渐被匈牙利语所取代。直到中央政府想要将匈牙利语的使用范围扩大到非匈牙利人口的内部语言领域,匈牙利国家和少数民族之间的尖锐冲突才出现。基于这一历史框架,本文分析了影响该地区语言政策的一系列不同因素,即国家的语言政策观念、该地区的民族政治特征以及当地精英自身的文化和民族运动。在喀尔巴阡-鲁塞尼亚人民族觉醒的同时,使用其母语的愿望日益强烈,生活在匈牙利领土上的其他斯拉夫民族,包括塞尔维亚人和斯洛伐克人的民族和语言运动就是一个例子。浪漫主义取代了启蒙理性主义,这有助于民族浪漫主义的传播,并“发现”了自己的语言和流行文化,这也有助于民族思想的演变。人们接受匈牙利的语言和民族政策服从于维护领土的任务:匈牙利政府试图通过扩大民族文化和语言权利,将包括外喀尔巴阡在内的民族地区保留在匈牙利境内。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
HISTORICAL-STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF LINGUISTIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SLAVIC POPULATION OF TRANSCARPATHIA DURING THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN MONARCHY (1867–1918)
Using the historical-structural method, the article outlines the linguistic processes of the Transcarpathian region during the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. For a long time in Europe, the national language and its codified dialect were not a defining element of people’s identification, much more important was, for example, religious affiliation. However, when language became the most important symbol of national identity, the international language ideology was replaced by vernacularization and the ideology of linguistic nationalism, and then local national languages came to the fore. In Hungary, as part of this long process, Latin and German were gradually replaced by Hungarian in those spheres of public life that were under the direct influence of the state (for example, administrative management and education). A sharp conflict between the Hungarian state and the minorities did not arise until the central government wanted to extend the scope of the use of the Hungarian language to the internal linguistic sphere of the non-Hungarian population. Based on this historical framework, a set of different factors that influenced language policy in the region is analyzed, namely the concept of language policy of the state, the ethno-political features of the region, and the local elites’ own cultural and national movement. Parallel to the processes of national awakening among Carpatho-Ruthenians, the desire to use their native language grew stronger, and the national and language movements of other Slavic nations living on Hungarian territory, including Serbs and Slovaks, were an example. The evolution of national ideas was also helped by the fact that Enlightenment rationalism was replaced by Romanticism, which contributed to the spread of national romanticism and the «finding» of one’s own language and popular culture. It is accepted that Hungarian linguistic and national policy was subordinated to the task of preserving territories: the Hungarian government sought to keep the national regions, including Transcarpathia, within Hungary by expanding their national-cultural and linguistic rights.
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