Modern Sophisticated Instrumental Techniques Used in the Characterization of Bhasma

A nano-metallic drug called Bhasma is created from metal and minerals. It has long been regarded in Ayurveda as a trustworthy and quick-acting dose type. The following procedures—Shodhana, Bhavana, Mardana, and Marana—are used to prepare Bhasma. These processes assist in breaking down particles into their smallest components, get rid of undesirable traits, and give the substance new properties that make them more palatable to the body's tissues and organs. In the classic, various Bhasma Parikshas, such as Varitaratwa, Unnama, Rekha purnatwa, Nirutha, and Apunarbhava, are mentioned. However, these tests are insufficient to determine the safety and efficacy of Bhasma. For the examination of Bhasma, various contemporary factors are used to ensure its acceptance on a global scale like physical evaluation, chemical analysis, and instrumental analysis. Bhasma efficiency is reliant on its homogenous chemical composition, nanocrystalline structure, and biological activity. These highly sophisticated analytical tools, including XRD, SEM, TEM, NTA, ICP-MS, XRF, AAS, and FTIR, are required for the detection of crystal size, particle size, shape, surface area, dispersion state, and morphological features, in addition to chemical and physical properties like reactivity, optical behaviour, magnetism, zeta potential, and others. To understand the toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of Bhasma, all of these methods are employed. As a result, the current paper's main focus is on characterizing Bhasma using modern sophisticated instrumental techniques.