对外贸易政策作为战后重建的工具:从参与马歇尔计划的国家的经验

T. Bodnarchuk
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引用次数: 0

摘要

俄乌战争是对国民经济和社会的严重考验,需要对经济体制发展的体制机制进行审查。无论是在战争的积极阶段还是在战后重建时期,如果没有进一步融入国际市场和加强经济合作,保持乌克兰经济的运转和逐步复苏是不可能的,而这正是外贸政策发挥作用的原因。正因为如此,有必要参考积极的历史实践,以确定在对外经济关系中国家影响的最佳措施和工具。这项研究的目的是证明对外贸易政策作为马歇尔计划所包括的欧洲经济战后重建工具的作用是合理的。本研究的理论基础是对外贸易互动的经典概念和新经济思想理论。方法论基础是系统分析、问题逻辑分析、比较分析和统计分析。马歇尔计划所包括的国家战后经济发展的特点被揭示出来。它确定形成了高度依赖进口的食品、工业和技术,低水平的国家生产和出口,负贸易和国际收支平衡,金融和货币不稳定等。结果表明,通过关税减让和非关税手段(国家购买、补贴生产和出口、货币贬值、双边贸易协定制度等)实施的政府对本国生产和外贸政策的直接支持在欧洲国家战后经济转型中发挥了重要作用。事实证明,运用国家影响的制度杠杆导致国内生产结构的逐步变化,这种变化与互利的一体化和贸易关系制度相结合,有助于马歇尔计划所列国家的经济复苏,并确保加强它们作为工业和技术产品生产国在国际市场上的竞争地位。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Foreign trade policy as a tool of post-war reconstruction: from the experience of countries participating in the Marshall Plan
The Russian-Ukrainian war is a serious test for the national economy and society, which requires a review of the institutional mechanisms for economic system development. Both in the active phase of the war and in the post-war reconstruction period, keeping the Ukrainian economy afloat and its gradual recovery is impossible without further integration into the international market and intensive economic cooperation, which actualizes the role of foreign trade policy. Because of this, it is necessary to refer to positive historical practice in identifying the most optimal measures and instruments of state influence in foreign economic relations. The purpose of the research is to justify the role of foreign trade policy as an instrument for the post-war reconstruction of the European economies included in the Marshall Plan. The theoretical basis of the conducted research is both the classical concepts of foreign trade interaction and the theory of new economic thought. The methodological basis is systemic, problem-logical, comparative, and statistical analyses. The features of the post-war economic development of the countries included in the Marshall Plan were revealed. It was determined the formation of high food, industrial, and technical dependence on imports, a low level of national production and exports, negative trade and payment balances, financial and currency destabilization, etc. It was revealed that direct government support for national production and foreign trade policy, implemented through customs and tariff concessions and non-tariff instruments (state purchases, subsidizing production and exports, currency devaluation, the system of bilateral trade agreements, etc.) played an important role in the post-war economic transformation of European countries. It is substantiated that the applied institutional levers of state influence led to gradual progressive changes in the structure of domestic production, which, in combination with a mutually beneficial system of integration and trade relations, contributed to the economic recovery of the countries included in the Marshall Plan and ensured the strengthening of their competitive positions on international markets as producers of industrial and technological products.
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