A comprehensive framework for designing and evaluating vocabulary learning apps from multiple perspectives

The integration of emerging mobile technology into the education domain has become increasingly ubiquitous. This research reviewed the advantages and challenges of mobile learning, discussed the key factors that promote effective vocabulary learning and conducted a survey to investigate and identify the ten most popular word learning apps. Based on the results, we analysed the key features of the popular apps and summarised the elements that play crucial roles in leading to successful learning. Based on such analyses, we also developed a comprehensive framework for designing and evaluating vocabulary learning apps, covering dimensions, such as content quality, multimodal presentation, engagement, personalisation, repetition and usability. A popular app, Vocabulary.com, was also assessed utilising the proposed framework. Users, evaluators, designers and developers of word-learning apps are expected to benefit from this research by being provided with a comprehensive understanding of app-facilitated vocabulary learning and essential features of effective word learning apps.