日语、英语和乌克兰语中无生命主语的特点

Polina Furmanova
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摘要

本文综述了日语中研究无生命主体问题的主要途径。虽然英语在日常生活中有很强的使用无生命主语的倾向,但日语对这种结构有很多限制。由于这些限制似乎同时出现在句子的主语和谓语中,为了解释这一现象,我们详细阐述了两种方法——名词性和动词性。名词法研究的是那些往往出现在主语或宾语位置上的名词,而动词法研究的是哪些动词可以用在有无生命主语的句子中。本文概述了名义方法,并解释了日本研究中阐述的两个理论。T. Tsunoda提出的第一个理论采用了Silverstein的指称层次理论,认为虽然人称代词和表示有生命物体的名词更倾向于成为句子的主语,但表示无生命物体的名词之间存在层次关系。例如,表示自然力量的名词比表示抽象概念和领土名称的名词更有可能成为句子的主语。Saito发展的第二个理论采用了S. Kuno的移情层次(位置层次),以解释包含助动词“kureru”的无生命主语句子的扩展接受度。该理论指出,在这种类型的句子中,“kureru”成功地平衡了对非主体参与者(即一个动画实体)而不是主体的移情,从而导致人们接受这种类型的句子。这篇文章还指出,乌克兰人和日本人在翻译带有无生命主语的英语句子时,有一些相似之处。文章还指出,乌克兰语研究有必要对无生命主语句发展自己的研究方法,因为乌克兰语对无生命主语句似乎有自己的限制。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
FEATURES OF INANIMATE SUBJECT IN JAPANESE, ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN
The article summarizes the main approaches to the problem of inanimate subject in Japanese. While English has a strong tendency to use inanimate subject on a daily basis, Japanese language has a lot of restrictions for this type of construction. As these restrictions seem to appear both in subjects and predicates of the sentences, the two approaches – nominal and verbal – were elaborated in order to account for the phenomena. Nominal approach accounts for the nouns, that tend to appear in the subject or object position, while verbal approach tries to find out which verbs can be used in the sentences with an inanimate subject. This article outlines the nominal approach and explains two theories that were elaborated in Japanese studies. The first theory developed by T. Tsunoda adopts referential hierarchy of Silverstein and states that although personal pronouns and nouns that indicate animate objects have a stronger tendency to become a subject of the sentence, there is a hierarchy between the nouns that name inanimate objects. For example, the nouns that indicate natural forces are more likely to become the subject of the sentence than nouns that indicate abstract notions and territory names. The second theory developed by S. Saito adopts the empathy hierarchy (hierarchy of the positions) of S. Kuno in order to account for the extending acceptance of the sentences with inanimate subject that include auxiliary verb ‘kureru’. The theory states that ‘kureru’ in such types of sentences manages to balance empathy on the non-subject participant (which is an animated entity) rather than the subject, that results into an acceptance of the type of sentences. The article also suggests that there are some similarities in the way Ukrainian and Japanese speakers tend to translate English sentences that have an inanimate subject. The article also points out the necessity for Ukrainian studies to develop its own approach to the sentences with inanimate subject, because it seems that Ukrainian language has its own restrictions on such sentences.
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