Reliability analysis of majority voters under permanent faults

CMOS systems have become more susceptible to permanent and transient faults due to the technology scaling. Triple Modular Redundancy is a widely used technique for fault-tolerance. The weak point of this technique is the majority voter. Many researches propose different implementations of voter circuits to tolerate transient faults, but they usually do not evaluate permanent faults. This work investigates the robustness of different majority voters under stuck-on and stuck-open faults. The results show a difference up to 5X in the capacity of tolerate permanent faults.