Cost-emission analysis of electric vehicle as contingency reserve in resource scheduling

Emission free electric vehicle is one of potential entity through which global warming issues can be resolved. Besides greener transportation, EV can also be used to negotiate electricity utility costs imposed by several network constraints like load-demand balance, reliability criteria etc. Thriving on reliability assurance in modernized electric grids, a multi-beneficiary model exploiting EV capability of being a contingency reserve is developed in this paper. Additionally, variability of EV reserve procurement in conjunction with environmental constraints is examined through cost-emission analysis. Further, the threshold limit for economic and environmental balance is defined and evaluated. The proposed reserve procurement concept is then simulated on a test system with both conventional and renewable energy technologies (RETs). For enumerating cost emission analysis, various dispatch scenarios are put forward. The simulation results shows the potential of EV in both environmental and economic perspectives when participated in reserve market. It is also observed that, apart from cost and emission, technical performance of electric network is also altered. Also, the amount of RETs and EV procured by independent system operator (ISO) is influenced by the importance (weight factor) given to emission minimization objective. The results indicate that, apart from amount of EV procured, percentage share of different cost components are also influenced by both scheduling scenario and energy market prices.