Mechanism of In-Situ Catalytic Cracking of Biomass Tar over Biochar with Multiple Active Sites

Biomass tar is the bottleneck in the development of efficient utilization of biomass syngas. The in-situ catalytic cracking biomass tar with multi-active biochar is investigated in a two-stage fluidized bed-fixed bed reactor. It indicates that adding H 2 O or CO 2 is found to improve the homogeneous and heterogeneous cracking of biomass tar. Activation of biochar by H 2 O or CO 2 impacted the morphology of biochar surface and distribution of metal species. H 2 O or CO 2 affects the creation and regeneration of pore structures, influencing the biochar structure and dynami-cal distribution of alkali and alkaline earth metal species (AAEMs), which ensure enough surface active sites to maintain the catalytic activity of biochar. The tar cracking into low-quality tar or small-molecule gas may be catalyzed by K, while the combination of tar with biochar would be promoted by Ca. The volatilizations of K and Ca, due to their reaction with volatiles, are to a large extent in accordance with their valences and boiling points. The subsequent transformation from the small aromatic ring systems to the larger ones occurs due to the volatile-biochar interaction. During tar cracking over biochar, K and Ca act as the active sites on biochar surface to promote the increase of active intermediates (C ▬ O bonds and C ▬ O ▬ K/Ca).