空间运输经济发展的国家调控:国外经验与国内实践

O. Mykhalchenko
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引用次数: 0

摘要

由于乌克兰《关于运输的基本法》和《关于空间活动的基本法》中缺乏对空间运输的定义,从而暴露了空间运输法律规制的缺陷。笔者将空间运输定义为保障国家、企业和人民为实现国防、科学研究、经济和商业目的而发射卫星和宇宙飞船,开展客货空间运输的需要的运输领域,是有根据的。空间运输建议包括空间活动对象(发射器、航天器、助推器和其他准备发射到太空的物体)以及空间基础设施(航天港、航空航天导弹综合体),这些基础设施提供空间物体的地面和空中发射、发射到不同高度的地球轨道、空间飞行和航天器返回地球。报告显示,根据有关外层空间的国际条约,空间运输被列入其“使用”范围。为了为地球表面的空间物体或飞行中的飞机造成的损害创造赔偿来源,世界惯例已发展了“空间”保险机制。乌克兰为空间活动提供四种主要保险产品。尽管存在空间保险的法律框架,但它仍然是一种“虚构”,因为规定的规范“不起作用”,包括由于形成保险费率的行政方法不符合市场条件。对空间运输的发展状况进行了定量评估,得出的结论是:在该行业工作的个人-微型企业主体的有限圈子;提供的服务很少;附加值占比低。事实证明,提供空间运输服务的体制结构限制了乌克兰在这一领域的现有技术和技术潜力,需要预算资源、国际金融组织的资金和该领域的大企业的参与。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
STATE REGULATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPACE TRANSPORT ECONOMY: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE AND DOMESTIC PRACTICE
Defects in the legal regulation of space transport due to the lack of its definition in the Basic Laws of Ukraine "On Transport" and "On Space Activities" were revealed. The author's definition of space transport as a field of transport, which ensures the satisfaction of the needs of the state, business entities and the population in launching satellites and spaceships, carrying out passenger and cargo space transportation for the purpose of realizing defense, scientific research, economic and commercial purposes, is substantiated. Space transport is proposed to include objects of space activity (launchers, spacecraft, booster blocks and other objects intended for launch into space), as well as space infrastructure (spaceports, aviation-space missile complexes), which provides ground and air launch of space objects, their launch into Earth orbit of various altitudes, space flight and return of spacecraft to Earth. It is shown that space transport, in accordance with international treaties on outer space, is included in the sphere of its "use". In order to create sources of compensation for damages caused by a space object on the Earth's surface or aircraft in flight, world practice has developed "space" insurance mechanisms. Ukraine offers four main insurance products for space activities. Despite the existence of a legal framework for space insurance, it remains a "fiction", since the stipulated norms "do not work", including due to the administrative approach to the formation of insurance tariffs, which does not correspond to market conditions. A quantitative assessment of the state of development of space transport was carried out, a conclusion was made about: a limited circle of individuals - micro-entrepreneurial subjects working in the industry; the small amount of services provided; low share of added value. It is substantiated that the institutional structure of providing space transport services restrains the existing technical and technological potential of Ukraine in this field and requires the involvement of budgetary resources, funds of international financial organizations and big business in the field.
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