{"title":"第二定律","authors":"D. V. Schroeder","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780192895547.003.0002","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Why are so many large-scale processes irreversible, happening in one direction but not the other as time passes? This chapter answers that question using three simple model systems: a collection of two-state particles such as flipped coins or elementary magnetic dipoles; the Einstein model of a solid as a collection of identical quantum oscillators; and a monatomic ideal gas such as helium or argon. For each system we learn to calculate the multiplicity: the number of possible microscopic arrangements. Taking the logarithm of the multiplicity gives the entropy. And the laws of probability then imply the second law of thermodynamics: Entropy tends to increase.","PeriodicalId":348442,"journal":{"name":"An Introduction to Thermal Physics","volume":"39 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2021-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"The Second Law\",\"authors\":\"D. V. Schroeder\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/OSO/9780192895547.003.0002\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Why are so many large-scale processes irreversible, happening in one direction but not the other as time passes? This chapter answers that question using three simple model systems: a collection of two-state particles such as flipped coins or elementary magnetic dipoles; the Einstein model of a solid as a collection of identical quantum oscillators; and a monatomic ideal gas such as helium or argon. For each system we learn to calculate the multiplicity: the number of possible microscopic arrangements. Taking the logarithm of the multiplicity gives the entropy. And the laws of probability then imply the second law of thermodynamics: Entropy tends to increase.\",\"PeriodicalId\":348442,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"An Introduction to Thermal Physics\",\"volume\":\"39 2\",\"pages\":\"0\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2021-01-05\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"An Introduction to Thermal Physics\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780192895547.003.0002\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"An Introduction to Thermal Physics","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780192895547.003.0002","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
Why are so many large-scale processes irreversible, happening in one direction but not the other as time passes? This chapter answers that question using three simple model systems: a collection of two-state particles such as flipped coins or elementary magnetic dipoles; the Einstein model of a solid as a collection of identical quantum oscillators; and a monatomic ideal gas such as helium or argon. For each system we learn to calculate the multiplicity: the number of possible microscopic arrangements. Taking the logarithm of the multiplicity gives the entropy. And the laws of probability then imply the second law of thermodynamics: Entropy tends to increase.
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