Investigating the redundancy principle in immersive virtual reality environments: An eye-tracking and EEG study

Background: The increased availability of immersive virtual reality (IVR) has led to a surge of immersive technology applications in education. Nevertheless, very little is known about how to effectively design instruction for this new media, so that it would benefit learning and associated cognitive processing. Objectives: This experiment explores if and how traditional instructional design principles from 2D media translate to IVR. Specifically, it focuses on studying the underlying mechanisms of the redundancy-principle, which states that presenting the same information concurrently in two different sensory channels can cause cognitive overload and might impede learning. Methods: A total of 73 participants learned through a specifically-designed educational IVR application in three versions: (1) auditory representation format, (2) written representation format, and (3) a redundancy format (i.e. both written and auditory formats). The study utilized advanced psychophysiological methods of Electroencephalography (EEG) and eye-tracking (ET), learning measures and self-report scales. Results and Conclusions: Results show that participants in the redundancy condition performed equally well on retention and transfer post-tests. Similarly, results from the subjective measures, EEG and ET suggest that redundant content was not found to be more cognitively demanding than written content alone. Implications: Findings suggest that the redundancy effect might not generalize to VR as originally anticipated in 2D media research, providing direct implications to the design of IVR tools for education. 132729, 222, 1, D ow nladed from https:/inelibrary.w il.com /doi/101/jcal.12595 by U niersity L irary O f Sothern D nm ark, W ley O nline L irary on [17//2023]. ee he T rm s nd C onitions (https:linelibrary.w il.com /erm s-andnditions) on W ley O nline L irary or rles of use; O A aricles re goerned by he apicable C retive C om m ns L icnse Redundancy Principle in VR 3