The influence of factors on the architectural and environmental organization of underground scientific and research complexes

The history of development and development of the underground space is known since the time of the first settlements in cave-like structures on the territory of modern Turkey, Tunisia, and the Crimean Peninsula. In the course of the evolutionary development of science and technology, the fields of astrophysics, nuclear physics, and elementary particle physics reached their peak in the 20th century. Since the vast majority of scientific and experimental research carried out in the field of physics requires special laboratory conditions that are as free as possible from the influence of cosmic radiation and radioactive isotopes, the construction of underground research complexes has also achieved active development. During the research, the fundamental works of a number of scientists were analyzed. Conceptual approaches to the development of underground space are considered in the scientific works of Han Admiral and Antonia Cornaro, in the doctoral dissertation of Kenneth B. Lebs. Peculiarities of the urban planning organization of the underground space are studied in the works of: G. I. Hayko, E. Reynolds, L. von der Tann, R. Sterling, Sh. Narang Suri, A. Wright. The problems of global experience in the design of underground buildings and structures were embodied in the works of P. Stones, T. Yung Heng, G.I. Hayko, and N.D. Panktrova. Interdisciplinary issues in the use of underground space are discussed in the works of H. Braun, N.A. Bakhtadze, V. Biletskyi, P. Kh. Gilberta. The spatial and planning organization of underground and surface laboratories is considered in the works of A. Bettini, Aldo Ianni, E. Kochia, K. G. Ryzhkova The article presents groups of factors that have an impact on the structural organization of the environment of underground research complexes. The analysis of the influence of the main factors on the urban planning, spatial and functional structure of underground research complexes was carried out. It was established that the formation of the underground environment is influenced by the following groups of factors: engineering-geological, technological, natural-climatic, urban planning, constructive, economic, legislative, ecological, architectural and planning. A general description of each group of factors is given. It is proposed to consider the above factors from the point of view of a complex approach as closely interconnected structures that influence each other and the formation of the final structure of the underground research complex.