Exploring the Philippine Society and Culture in Monkey Folktales

This paper analyzes the structure and content of Philippine folktales featuring monkeys (hereinafter referred to as “Filipino monkey folktales”) based on a literature review to explore Philippine society and culture. Subsequently, this paper highlights 20 cases of Filipino monkey folktales. These cases are classified: (1) nine villain type, (2) six human-origin type, (3) two prince type, (4) two trickster type, and (5) one demon type. It is observed that 15 out of 20 cases were “villain type” and “human-origin type.” Thus, it can be deduced that Filipino monkey folktales present relatively negative images of monkeys. This depiction reflects the negative aspects of human thinking and behavior, and it is thought that monkey folktales are often told to educate children and maintain social order. In other words, it can be said that monkey folktales are an honest projection of Filipino morals, human relationships, and social norms. For Filipinos, the monkey that appears in folklore is thought to play the role of a mirror, helping them reflect on themselves to ensure that their behavior is socially acceptable; thus, monkey folktales emphasize social norms. Finally, this paper concludes that the reciprocal relationships that Filipinos value the most are social and cultural norms, contrary to the cunning andselfishness exhibited by monkeys in folklore.