Optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography biomarkers for age-related macular degeneration and retinovascular diseases

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) play a vital role in diagnosing and posttreatment evaluation of several retina diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vein occlusion, which are leading causes of retinal blindness. OCT provides a fast, noninvasive, and reproducible option for assessing retinal structure and gives high-resolution images that enable the identification of several biomarkers of retinal disease. Retinal biomarkers have been investigated extensively because of their usefulness in predicting the outcome and progression of disease. Recently, several biomarkers have been analyzed using artificial intelligence, which provides invaluable information on the natural history, prognosis, and risk of disease progression. Combining OCT/OCTA and artificial intelligence-based analytics will open doors to more personalized treatment and improved decision-making and, therefore, better outcomes for patients who suffer from retinal diseases. This review provides essential information on known retina biomarkers in leading retinal diseases.