The Regulatory and Institutional Framework of Public-Private Partnership: Cases of France, Germany, and Russia

Globally public-private partnerships (PPP) have become one of the tools for effective infrastructure development. In previous years, there have been few peer-reviewed studies of the PPP framework, namely on elements contributing to the effectiveness of PPP projects and finding interrelationships between them. This study identifies the elements of the regulatory and institutional framework of PPP as: the legal regulation of PPP, units for PPP development, and state policy in PPP. It also reveals their mutual influence. These conclusions were based on an in-depth systematic literature review and a questionnaire survey. The analyses of such PPP-successful countries - France, Germany, and Russia - help to confirm our logical conclusions. Besides this, several good cases concerning the quality of the regulatory and institutional PPP framework are highlighted. The study has also noted four stages of the PPP policy evolution: PPP as a new tool for infrastructure development, PPP as a tool for most projects, PPP as a tool for territorial development, and PPP as a tool to achieve sustainable development goals. This finding remains unknown in peer-reviewed literature before. The results of the study can help PPP practitioners to create more effective national PPP strategies.