Frequency restoration reserves procurement with HVDC systems

Frequency control ancillary services play an essential role in the secure real-time operation of power systems. Procurement of these services is critical because of the availability and cost of resources and uncertainty in power generation due to the increasing number of renewable sources. Due to the changing generation mix, it is crucial that the transmission system operator has access to the resources for these services. As the number of HVDC interconnections is increasing in Europe, it is imperative to consider their utilization for reserve procurement. This paper proposes a mathematical model for examining the economic aspects of frequency restoration reserves procurement with HVDC systems. The proposed model is used for analysis on two asynchronous systems connected via an HVDC link. The analysis shows that procurement of frequency restoration reserves with HVDC systems increases social welfare; however, it is highly dependent on the availability of HVDC systems capacity.