Yossi Hemi
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摘要

在古代犹太人和撒玛利亚人之间复杂的历史中,有可能确定几个影响这两个群体关系的基本事件。其中两个事件是关于犹大统治者摧毁以色列/撒玛利亚人的圣殿。第一次是约西亚国王在公元前7世纪初摧毁了位于贝特埃尔的以色列/撒玛利亚神庙。第二个是公元前二世纪末,约翰·海坎努斯在基利心山上摧毁了撒玛利亚人的圣殿。虽然这两次事件相隔了500多年,但两者仍有许多相似之处。在这两种情况下,所讨论的时期都是犹太在多年外国统治后的第一个独立时期;在这两种情况下,犹大的统治者在以色列进行了重大的宗教改革;在这两种情况下,这都是一个犹太统治者,他扩大了自己王国的边界;在这两个时期,都发生了全国性的觉醒。从“长维度”的观点来看,这两个事件与撒玛利亚神庙被毁的相似之处甚至更为明显,“长维度”考察了几个世纪以来的历史进程。尽管有许多相似之处,但我们发现这些事件的结果却完全不同:虽然约西亚的目标可能是使撒玛利亚人更接近犹大,但约翰·海坎努斯却将撒玛利亚人视为对手。拆毁贝特埃尔的圣殿似乎使一些撒玛利亚人更接近犹大王国和耶路撒冷的圣殿,因此显然实现了约西亚国王的目标。相比之下,基利心山上的撒玛利亚圣殿被毁,撒玛利亚人的圣地变成了一堆废墟,这可能是犹太人和撒玛利亚人之间关系的一个突破点。从那时起,这种关系开始严重恶化,在第二圣殿被摧毁前夕造成了实际的身体伤害。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
החרבת בית מקדש שומרוני בידי מלך יהודה: בין יאשיהו ליוחנן הורקנוס הראשון
In the complicated history between the Jews and the Samaritans in antiquity, it is possible to identify several foundational events that influenced the relationship between the two groups. Two of these events concern the destruction of a Israeli/ Samaritan temple by the ruler of Judah. The first is the destruction of the Israeli/ Samaritan temple in Beit El by King Josiah at the turn of the seventh century BCE. The second is the destruction of the Samaritan temple on Mount Gerizim by John Hyrcanus at the end of the second century BCE. Although more than 500 years elapsed between the two events, the two nonetheless show many similarities. In both cases, the period in question is the first period of independence in Judea after many years of foreign rule; in both cases, the ruler of Judah had carried out significant religious reforms in the Land of Israel; in both cases, this was a Jewish ruler who had expanded the borders of his kingdom; in both periods, a national awakening had taken place. The resemblance between these two events associated with the destruction of a Samaritan temple is even more pronounced in the view of the "long dimension," which examines processes in history over centuries. Along with the many similarities, however, we found that the events' consequences were completely different: While Josiah's goal was probably to bring the Samaritan population closer to Judah, John Hyrcanus treated the Samaritans as rivals. The destruction of the Temple at Beit El appears to have brought some of the Samaritan population closer to the Kingdom of Judah and the Temple in Jerusalem, thus apparently fulfilling the goals of King Josiah. By contrast, the destruction of the Samaritan Temple on Mount Gerizim and the transformation of the complex, holy to the Samaritans, into a heap of ruins was probably a breaking point in the relationship between the Jews and the Samaritans. From that point on, the relationship began to deteriorate severely, culminating in actual physical injury on the eve of the destruction of the Second Temple.
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