利沃夫哈布斯堡王朝的帝国仪式和波兰国家纪念日的公众庆祝活动

Nazar Kis
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Depending on who organized the celebrations and to whom such activities were directed, either the democracy of the former Commonwealth, or the peaceful coexistence of different nations («Poland, Lithuania, and Rus’»), or the military victories of kings, or sacrifice, loyalty and the courage of the bourgeoisie were brought to the fore.\n\nThe methodological basis of the study comprises the principles of historicism, objectivity, and systematics. General scientific and special research methods were used in solving the set tasks: historiographical analysis, generalization, chronological, retrospective. The scientific novelty of the work lies in a comprehensive analysis of the state of the study of the issue in modern historiography and a comparison of existing data with the available evidence of the time. And also in the complex analysis of mass actions as the phenomenon. 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引用次数: 0

摘要

该研究显示了帝国仪式(传统上用于皇帝会议或庆祝其统治周年纪念日)如何成为利沃夫国家纪念活动的一部分。波兰历史纪念日的例子展示了在城市中适应和利用欧洲爱国群众活动传统的过程。国家的宪法改革与国家庆祝活动从私人领域向公共领域的过渡之间的联系是突出的。据说,在19世纪下半叶,西欧开始流行旨在加强统治精英地位的群众活动。在俄国和奥匈帝国,人们庆祝统治者的生日,在法国,人们庆祝共和国的节日,在德国,人们庆祝军事胜利的纪念日。在铁路的帮助下,有可能以一个借口将大量的臣民聚集在一个地方,从而“变成”一个国家。有人说,对波兰精英来说,庆祝波兰过去的胜利要比准备新的起义安全得多。甚至比通常的“有机工作”更爱国。因此,纪念活动在哈利希纳变得非常流行。如前所述,在大众政治的时代,波兰的政治民族不能再局限于贵族,有必要让马苏里农民和资产阶级参与到国家计划中来。由于各种政治团体之间存在着激烈的竞争,“为人民服务”的大规模事件必须是公众感兴趣和可以理解的。人们发现,历史事件不仅被“提及”,而且被相应地解释和推广。根据庆祝活动的组织者和活动对象的不同,要么是前联邦的民主,要么是不同国家的和平共处(“波兰、立陶宛和罗斯”),要么是国王的军事胜利,要么是资产阶级的牺牲、忠诚和勇气。本研究的方法论基础包括历史决定论原则、客观性原则和系统论原则。在解决既定任务时,采用了一般科学和特殊的研究方法:史学分析、概括、时间顺序、回顾性。本书在科学上的新颖之处在于全面分析了现代史学对这一问题的研究现状,并将现有数据与当时的现有证据进行了比较。同时也在把质量作用作为现象的复杂分析中。根据现代研究和原始资料,随着地方自治政府的作用日益增强,波兰历史叙事开始在利沃夫的公共空间中主导一般帝国。与此同时,它保持了对中央政府的表面忠诚,充分利用宪法自由来推进国家“议程”。随着时间的推移,通过仪式传达给公众的意义发生了变化:国王和胜利被5月3日的宪法所取代,宪法为“人民”提供了现代意义上的权利和自由。随着种族间关系的恶化,群众庆祝活动的军事化变得更加明显,市政警卫不再是市政警卫,而是侦察兵组织的成员,在城市街道上象征性地取代了奥地利军队。进一步研究的前景是,这一时期充满了类似的行动,这些行动尚未成为历史学家研究的主题。他们的分析将有助于更好地理解最终导致第一次世界大战后利沃夫发生的著名事件的过程。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
IMPERIAL RITUALS AND PUBLIC CELEBRATION OF POLISH NATIONAL ANNIVERSARIES IN HABSBURG LVIV
The study shows how imperial rituals (traditionally used at the meeting of the emperor or to celebrate the anniversaries of his reign) become part of national commemorative practices in Lviv. The process of adaptation and use of the European tradition of patriotic mass events in the city is demonstrated on the examples of Polish historical anniversaries. The connection between the constitutional reforms in the state and the transition of national celebrations from the private to the public sphere is highlighted. It is alleged that in the second half of the 19th century in Western Europe became popular mass events designed to strengthen the position of ruling elites. In the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires celebrated the birthdays of rulers, in France – the republican holidays, in Germany – the anniversaries of military victories. With the help of railways, it was possible to gather large masses of subjects in one place under one pretext, thus «turning» them into a nation. It was stated that celebrating past Polish victories was a much safer occupation for Polish elites than preparing for a new uprising. Even more patriotic than the usual «organic work». Therefore, commemorative practices have become extremely popular in Halychyna. As noted, in the days of mass politics, the Polish political nation could no longer be limited exclusively to the nobility, it was necessary to involve the Masurian peasants and the bourgeoisie in the national project. And since there was fierce competition among various political groups, mass events «for the people» had to be interesting and understandable to the general public. It was found that historical events were not only «mentioned», they were also interpreted and popularized accordingly. Depending on who organized the celebrations and to whom such activities were directed, either the democracy of the former Commonwealth, or the peaceful coexistence of different nations («Poland, Lithuania, and Rus’»), or the military victories of kings, or sacrifice, loyalty and the courage of the bourgeoisie were brought to the fore. The methodological basis of the study comprises the principles of historicism, objectivity, and systematics. General scientific and special research methods were used in solving the set tasks: historiographical analysis, generalization, chronological, retrospective. The scientific novelty of the work lies in a comprehensive analysis of the state of the study of the issue in modern historiography and a comparison of existing data with the available evidence of the time. And also in the complex analysis of mass actions as the phenomenon. Based on modern research and source material, it is shown that with the growing role of local self-government, the Polish historical narrative began to dominate over the general imperial in the public space of Lviv. At the same time, it maintained a semblance of loyalty to the central government, taking full advantage of constitutional freedoms to advance the national «agenda». Over time, there were changes in the senses that reached the general public through rituals: kings and victories were replaced by the constitution of May 3, which provided rights and freedoms for the «people» in the modern sense of the term. And with the aggravation of interethnic relations, the militarization of mass celebrations became more visible, when the municipal guards were no longer the municipal guards, but members of the scout organizations, which symbolically replaced the Austrian military on the city streets. Prospects for further research are that this period was very full of similar actions, which have not yet been the subject of research by historians. Their analysis will help to better understand the processes that eventually led to the well-known events in Lviv after the First World War.
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