Nonlinear tissue response modeling for physically realistic virtual surgery using PAFF

In this paper we present a novel physically realistic scheme based on the point-associated finite field approach (PAFF) for modeling the nonlinear behavior of soft biological tissues in real time during multimodal simulation of laparoscopic procedures using visual and haptic feedback. In this technique the response predicted by an underlying linear model is enhanced in the local neighborhood of the surgical tool-tip by a nonlinear model.