疫苗接种与极端危险感染:成就与前景

N. Vynograd, Zoriana Vasylyshyn, Lyudmyla Kozak, U. Shul, Iryna Baydalka
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摘要

介绍。在人类存在的所有时期,传染病都是一种威胁。预防极端危险病原体的主要措施包括检疫、观察和接种疫苗。天花是唯一一种在全球范围内被根除的疾病,疫苗接种对抗击天花至关重要。这项工作的目的是确定预防极端危险感染疫苗开发和应用的主要阶段,以及乌克兰科学家在开发极端危险感染疫苗方面的贡献。方法。利用文献资料和网络资源的叙事评论的搜索策略进行分析,将有关免疫生物学制剂应用的数据系统化,以创建针对几种实际EDI的主动免疫。报告指出,有乌克兰血统的科学家参与研制针对这类疾病的疫苗。结果。天花(11世纪中国的天花)被认为是人类创造出的第一种针对天花的特殊保护措施。直到20世纪,针对EDI的前五种疫苗才被开发出来:天花、狂犬病、炭疽、霍乱和鼠疫。在20世纪,该清单还补充了针对斑疹伤寒、黄热病、蜱传脑炎、土拉菌病、布鲁氏菌病、克氏菌病(q热)、肾综合征出血热(HFRS)的疫苗。21世纪新技术的引入使人们能够改进现有的准备工作,并创造针对埃博拉病毒病(COVID-19)的新准备工作,作为EDIs与大流行潜力相关的准备工作。具有乌克兰血统的杰出科学家为研制抗EDI疫苗作出了贡献:V. Khavkin、D. Samoilovich、V. Zhdanov。结论。现有有效疫苗的数量限制了对人口的保护。COVID-19疫苗的开发改善了遏制COVID-19大流行的预后。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
VACCINATION AND EXTREMELY DANGEROUS INFECTIONS: ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROSPECTS
Introduction. Infectious diseases have been a threat during all periods of human existence. Primary measures to protect against extremely dangerous pathogens included quarantine, observation and vaccination. Vaccination was crucial in the fight against smallpox - the only disease, which was eradicated on a global scale. The aim of the work was to identify the main stages of development and application of vaccines for the protection against extremely dangerous infections (EDI) and the contribution of Ukrainian scientists in the development of vaccines for EDI. Methods. An analysis using the Search Strategy of narrative reviews of literary sources and Internet resource was conducted to systematize data about the application of immunobiological preparations to create an active immunity against several actual EDI. The participation of scientists with Ukrainian roots in the creation of vaccines against this group of diseases is indicated. Results. Smallpox (variolation in China in the 11th century) is known as the first disease against which specific protection was created. Until the 20s century, the first five vaccines against EDI were developed: smallpox, rabies, anthrax, cholera, and plague. In the 20s century, the list was supplemented by vaccines against typhus, yellow fever, tick-borne encephalitis, tularemia, brucellosis, coxiellosis (Q-fever), hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). The introduction of new technologies in the 21st century allowed improving existing preparations and creating new ones against Ebola viral disease (EVD), COVID-19 as EDIs relevant ones for the pandemic potential. Outstanding scientists with Ukrainian roots contributed to the creation of vaccines against EDI: V. Khavkin, D. Samoilovich, V. Zhdanov. Conclusion. Protection of the population against EDIs is limited by the number of available effective vaccines. The development of vaccines against COVID-19 has improved the prognosis for containment of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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