M. Gundersen, P. Vernier, L. Marcu, Aimin Li, X. Zhu, A.Z. Gallam, T. Katsouleas, C. Young, M. Behrend, C. Craft
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Ultrashort pulse electroporation: applications of high pulsed electric fields to induced caspase activation of human lymphocytes
Presents evidence for apoptosis, or programmed cell death, and up-regulation of a subset of important genes induced by intense electric fields of short duration (10's nsec). The fields are observed to perturb mitochondrial membranes and the compartmentalized intracellular environment of Jurkat T lymphocytes, and within hours caspase activation occurs. Intense, but low energy, fields can penetrate a biological cell and invoke mechanisms associated with apoptosis.