GEODESIC MONITORING AND MATHEMATICAL PROCESSING OF DATA OF DEFORMATIONS BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

The main causes of deformations are investigated in the article. Observations of deformations of structures are a set of measuring and descriptive measures to identify the magnitude of deformations and the causes of their occurrence. For complex and responsible structures, observations begin simultaneously with the design. At the site of future construction, the influence of natural factors is studied and in the same period a system of reference signs is created in order to determine in advance the degree of their stability. Observations directly on the structure begin from the beginning of its construction and continue throughout the construction period. For most large structures, observations are made during their operation. A measuring network is used for observations, which consists of the following geodetic signs: benchmark - a geodetic sign that fixes a point of the leveling network (the height position of this sign is practically unchanged during observations of deformations of structures); mark - a rigidly fixed on the structure of the building sign, which changes its height and planned position due to deformation of the structure; reference sign - a practically motionless sign in the horizontal plane, relative to which the displacements and rolls of structures are determined. All geodetic signs installed on the building and around it create a survey and support network, which are interconnected by geodetic measurements. The service life of a construction site depends not only on the quality of construction materials and the quality of construction work, but also on the quality of operation, timely and accurate consideration of damage to buildings and forecasting their technical condition, which is impossible without measuring operations to obtain data for its safe functioning. At the stage of operation, the structures are subjected to numerous natural, man-made actions that must be taken into account in the project when choosing materials, developing structures and components, etc. However, in practice, the characteristics of building materials and structures may not meet the requirements of the design documentation, as a result, the combined effect of many factors will lead to accelerated wear of the building. According to the special features of deformation are divided into types: those that change their vertical position and planned displacements, all together spatial displacements. Methods of research of deformations which are chosen according to a kind of deformation are considered.