Efecto Toxicológico del "Sachayoco", Paullinia clavigera (Sapindaceae) sobre Daphnia magna y sobre Dos Controladores Biológicos de Plagas Agrícolas

Toxicological effect of soapberry, Paullinia clavigera (Sapindaceae) on Daphnia magna and on two biological control of agriculture pests Soapberry, Paullinia clavigera Simpson (Sapindaceae) is used as a craft insecticide in Peruvian Amazon. The aim of the current research was to evaluate the toxicological effect of P. clavigera proceeding of Pucallpa, Peru, on Daphnia magna Strauss, 1820 (Crustacea: Daphniidae), and on two biological controls of agriculture pests: Copidosoma koehleri Blanchard, 1940 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), and Chrysoperla externa (Hagen 1861) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). In D. magna (LC 50 at 48 h exposure), the highest effects were found with leaves (LC 50 = 237 mg L –1 ) and stem cortex (LC 50 = 398 mg L –1 ) chlorophormic extracts. In C. koehleri (LC 50 at 48 h exposure and emergence of adults), only hexanic extracts of leaves (LC 50 = 145 mg L –1 ; 38.9%) and stem cortex (LC 50 = 298.6 mg L –1 ; 16.8%) produced effects on mortality and emergency of adults, respectively. Toxicological effects of stem cortex chlorophormic botanic extracts on larvae of C. externa (at 96 h of exposure) were not found. Leaves and stem cortex ethanolic extracts had the most potential for use in an integrated pest management (IPM) because they were less toxicand selective to biological control and for D. magna in the freshwater environment.