20世纪20年代苏梅地区扫除文盲运动的最初阶段:扫盲运动,鼓励对意识形态因素的研究(根据苏梅地区国家档案)。

A. Hrytsenko, O. Chumachenko, Victor S. Prokopchuk
{"title":"20世纪20年代苏梅地区扫除文盲运动的最初阶段:扫盲运动,鼓励对意识形态因素的研究(根据苏梅地区国家档案)。","authors":"A. Hrytsenko, O. Chumachenko, Victor S. Prokopchuk","doi":"10.21272/shaj.2022.i38.p.48","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The article characterizes the initial stage of a large-scale campaign to eliminate illiteracy, which took place in Ukraine in the 20s-30s of the ХХth century. It’s stated that general illiteracy hampered the economic and cultural development of the whole country. Therefore, after the October Revolution of 1917, along with the military front and the front of the struggle against economic destruction, there was a third – cultural, whose primary task was the struggle for literacy of the population. For the first time, documents from the State Archives of the Sumy Region on the process of a liquidation illiteracy in the region are being introduced into scientific circulation. The documents provide an idea of such activities as agitation of the population for literacy, encouragement of adults to study in illiteracy institutions and the ideological factor of the campaign to eliminate of illiteracy in Sumy region.\nOne of the most important stages in the history of education and culture of the early twentieth century was the work to eliminate illiteracy, which unfolded widely after the adoption of the Decree of the People’s Commissar of the RSFSR «On the elimination of illiteracy among the RSFSR population» of December 26, 1919. The document provided for the complete elimination of illiteracy throughout the country. Liknep in Ukraine was initiated by the resolution of the SNC of the USSR «On Combating Illiteracy» of May 21, 1921, which virtually duplicated the previous decree of the People’s Commissar of the RSFSR, thus giving it effect in the Ukrainian SSR.\nBoyko, V. Kozyr, V. Motuz, and S. Svistovych dealt with the issue of eliminating illiteracy in Ukraine in various aspects. The elimination of illiteracy in the Sumy region is not represented by extensive historiography. Mostly local historians developed the topic of Ukrainization in the Sumy region in the 1920s and 1930s. In recent years, there has been interest in the topic, in particular, the issue of the liknep campaign is the subject of articles by L. Epik and N. Petrenko, the latter is working on thorough work on this issue.\nThe source base of the study consists of documents of the 20-30s of the XX century of the State Archives of Sumy region.\nThe term «liknep» (likvidatsiia nepysmennosti – elimination of illiteracy) meant the elimination, ie elimination of illiteracy, in other words, the teaching of basic literacy to those who cannot read, write and count at all. In contrast to the broad understanding of the word, in the system of likneps the word «literacy» meant only the initial, alphabetic literacy.\nThe elimination of illiteracy was carried out by the educated part of the population in the order of labor service. Not only educational institutions, but also cultural and educational institutions, trade unions and committees of poor peasants took an active part in the dissemination of education. To solve the complex of problems related to the elimination of illiteracy, a system of special educational institutions has been created within the framework of public education.\nWorking on the funds of the State Archives of Sumy region, we managed to find documents that characterize the initial stage of the campaign to eliminate illiteracy in Sumy region.\nIn general, various forms of agitation for writing were used to attract illiterate citizens to the lyceums: reports at the meeting, devoted to substantiating the importance of writing with examples of its practical use; evenings of agitation for education, lectures. In addition, the agitation was also obvious. In particular, printing houses offered organizations a variety of campaign posters and illustrations.\nThe agitation was successful. However, the authorities also understood that the population needed an incentive to study. That is why the authorities sent out documents with detailed instructions on benefits for students and those who have already learned to read and write. In particular, the hours of work with the preservation of wages were reduced for students, as well as certain benefits were provided when applying for and paying off loans, when insuring property, during market operations, and so on.\nAll this was done in order to instill communist ideology, because from the first days of the Bolshevik revolution, the fight against illiteracy was considered by its ideologues as the most important political task, without which the success of social transformation was unlikely. Therefore, the elimination of illiteracy had a dual purpose: the Bolsheviks followed the general idea of the need for knowledge and the ideal of creating a full-fledged personality, on the other – setting the task of industrialization, the country needed a more literate worker. But this worker could fully meet the demands of the new government only if, along with knowledge, he mastered the advanced ideology.\nThe policy of eliminating illiteracy was implemented on the territory of Ukraine, and a certain range of archival documents gives reason to believe that this political campaign was successful in Sumy region. The documents presented in the publication provide an opportunity to consider in more depth the initial stage of the campaign to eliminate illiteracy not only in Sumy region, but in Ukraine as a whole, as most of these documents were sent by the central government to all educational institutions.\nDocuments are published with the original language and punctuation.","PeriodicalId":373935,"journal":{"name":"SUMY HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL JOURNAL","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"The initial period of the campaign to eliminate illiteracy in the Sumy region in the 1920s: agitation for literacy, encouragement to study on an ideological factor (according to the State Archives of Sumy region).\",\"authors\":\"A. Hrytsenko, O. Chumachenko, Victor S. Prokopchuk\",\"doi\":\"10.21272/shaj.2022.i38.p.48\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"The article characterizes the initial stage of a large-scale campaign to eliminate illiteracy, which took place in Ukraine in the 20s-30s of the ХХth century. It’s stated that general illiteracy hampered the economic and cultural development of the whole country. Therefore, after the October Revolution of 1917, along with the military front and the front of the struggle against economic destruction, there was a third – cultural, whose primary task was the struggle for literacy of the population. For the first time, documents from the State Archives of the Sumy Region on the process of a liquidation illiteracy in the region are being introduced into scientific circulation. The documents provide an idea of such activities as agitation of the population for literacy, encouragement of adults to study in illiteracy institutions and the ideological factor of the campaign to eliminate of illiteracy in Sumy region.\\nOne of the most important stages in the history of education and culture of the early twentieth century was the work to eliminate illiteracy, which unfolded widely after the adoption of the Decree of the People’s Commissar of the RSFSR «On the elimination of illiteracy among the RSFSR population» of December 26, 1919. The document provided for the complete elimination of illiteracy throughout the country. Liknep in Ukraine was initiated by the resolution of the SNC of the USSR «On Combating Illiteracy» of May 21, 1921, which virtually duplicated the previous decree of the People’s Commissar of the RSFSR, thus giving it effect in the Ukrainian SSR.\\nBoyko, V. Kozyr, V. Motuz, and S. Svistovych dealt with the issue of eliminating illiteracy in Ukraine in various aspects. The elimination of illiteracy in the Sumy region is not represented by extensive historiography. Mostly local historians developed the topic of Ukrainization in the Sumy region in the 1920s and 1930s. In recent years, there has been interest in the topic, in particular, the issue of the liknep campaign is the subject of articles by L. Epik and N. Petrenko, the latter is working on thorough work on this issue.\\nThe source base of the study consists of documents of the 20-30s of the XX century of the State Archives of Sumy region.\\nThe term «liknep» (likvidatsiia nepysmennosti – elimination of illiteracy) meant the elimination, ie elimination of illiteracy, in other words, the teaching of basic literacy to those who cannot read, write and count at all. In contrast to the broad understanding of the word, in the system of likneps the word «literacy» meant only the initial, alphabetic literacy.\\nThe elimination of illiteracy was carried out by the educated part of the population in the order of labor service. Not only educational institutions, but also cultural and educational institutions, trade unions and committees of poor peasants took an active part in the dissemination of education. To solve the complex of problems related to the elimination of illiteracy, a system of special educational institutions has been created within the framework of public education.\\nWorking on the funds of the State Archives of Sumy region, we managed to find documents that characterize the initial stage of the campaign to eliminate illiteracy in Sumy region.\\nIn general, various forms of agitation for writing were used to attract illiterate citizens to the lyceums: reports at the meeting, devoted to substantiating the importance of writing with examples of its practical use; evenings of agitation for education, lectures. In addition, the agitation was also obvious. In particular, printing houses offered organizations a variety of campaign posters and illustrations.\\nThe agitation was successful. However, the authorities also understood that the population needed an incentive to study. That is why the authorities sent out documents with detailed instructions on benefits for students and those who have already learned to read and write. In particular, the hours of work with the preservation of wages were reduced for students, as well as certain benefits were provided when applying for and paying off loans, when insuring property, during market operations, and so on.\\nAll this was done in order to instill communist ideology, because from the first days of the Bolshevik revolution, the fight against illiteracy was considered by its ideologues as the most important political task, without which the success of social transformation was unlikely. Therefore, the elimination of illiteracy had a dual purpose: the Bolsheviks followed the general idea of the need for knowledge and the ideal of creating a full-fledged personality, on the other – setting the task of industrialization, the country needed a more literate worker. But this worker could fully meet the demands of the new government only if, along with knowledge, he mastered the advanced ideology.\\nThe policy of eliminating illiteracy was implemented on the territory of Ukraine, and a certain range of archival documents gives reason to believe that this political campaign was successful in Sumy region. The documents presented in the publication provide an opportunity to consider in more depth the initial stage of the campaign to eliminate illiteracy not only in Sumy region, but in Ukraine as a whole, as most of these documents were sent by the central government to all educational institutions.\\nDocuments are published with the original language and punctuation.\",\"PeriodicalId\":373935,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"SUMY HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL JOURNAL\",\"volume\":\"83 1\",\"pages\":\"0\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"1900-01-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"SUMY HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL JOURNAL\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.21272/shaj.2022.i38.p.48\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"SUMY HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL JOURNAL","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.21272/shaj.2022.i38.p.48","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

摘要

这篇文章描述了20世纪20年代至30年代在乌克兰进行的大规模扫盲运动的初始阶段。据说普遍的文盲阻碍了整个国家的经济和文化发展。因此,1917年十月革命以后,除了军事战线和反经济破坏战线之外,还出现了第三个战线——文化战线,其首要任务是全民扫盲斗争。苏梅地区国家档案馆关于该地区扫除文盲进程的文件第一次进入科学流通。这些文件提供了诸如鼓动人民识字、鼓励成年人在文盲机构学习以及在苏梅地区扫除文盲运动的意识形态因素等活动的概念。二十世纪早期教育和文化史上最重要的阶段之一是扫除文盲的工作,这一工作在1919年12月26日俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义共和国人民委员会《关于扫除苏维埃社会主义共和国人口中的文盲》法令通过后广泛展开。该文件规定在全国彻底扫除文盲。乌克兰的Liknep是由苏联全国委员会于1921年5月21日通过的“关于扫盲”决议发起的,该决议实际上复制了俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义共和国人民委员会以前的法令,从而使其在乌克兰苏维埃社会主义共和国生效。Boyko、V. Kozyr、V. Motuz和S. Svistovych从各个方面讨论了消除乌克兰文盲的问题。苏梅地区扫除文盲的情况并没有被广泛的史学记载。大多数当地历史学家在20世纪20年代和30年代在苏梅地区发展了乌克兰化的话题。近年来,人们对这一主题产生了兴趣,特别是,利克内普运动的问题是L. Epik和N. Petrenko的文章的主题,后者正在对这一问题进行彻底的研究。本研究的资料来源为苏梅地区国家档案馆20世纪20-30年代的文献。“liknep”(likvidatsiia nepysmennosti -消除文盲)一词意味着消除,即消除文盲,换句话说,向那些根本不会读写和计算的人传授基本的识字知识。与对这个词的广泛理解相反,在相似系统中,“识字”一词仅意味着最初的字母识字。扫除文盲是由人口中受过教育的部分按劳动服务的顺序进行的。不仅是教育机构,而且文化教育机构、工会和贫农委员会都积极参加教育宣传工作。为了解决与扫盲有关的复杂问题,在公共教育的框架内建立了特殊教育机构制度。我们利用苏梅地区国家档案馆的资金,设法找到了具有苏梅地区扫除文盲运动初始阶段特征的文件。总的来说,各种形式的鼓动写作被用来吸引不识字的公民到学校来:在会议上做报告,专门用实际应用的例子来证实写作的重要性;鼓动教育的夜晚,讲座。此外,躁动也很明显。特别是印刷厂为各组织提供各种竞选海报和插图。鼓动是成功的。然而,当局也明白,人们需要鼓励学习。这就是为什么当局发出文件,详细说明学生和已经学会读写的人的福利。特别是,减少了学生的工作时间,并在申请和偿还贷款、财产保险、市场操作等方面提供了一定的福利。这一切都是为了灌输共产主义意识形态,因为从布尔什维克革命的第一天起,扫盲就被其理论家视为最重要的政治任务,没有扫盲,社会转型就不可能成功。因此,扫除文盲有双重目的:布尔什维克遵循了对知识的需求和创造成熟人格的理想,另一方面,设定了工业化的任务,国家需要更多有文化的工人。但是,这个工人只有在掌握了知识的同时,掌握了先进的思想,才能完全满足新政府的要求。 扫除文盲的政策在乌克兰领土上得到了执行,一些档案文件使人有理由相信,这一政治运动在苏梅地区取得了成功。该出版物中提供的文件提供了一个机会,可以更深入地审议不仅在苏梅地区,而且在整个乌克兰消除文盲运动的初始阶段,因为这些文件大多数是由中央政府发给所有教育机构的。文档使用原文和标点符号发布。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The initial period of the campaign to eliminate illiteracy in the Sumy region in the 1920s: agitation for literacy, encouragement to study on an ideological factor (according to the State Archives of Sumy region).
The article characterizes the initial stage of a large-scale campaign to eliminate illiteracy, which took place in Ukraine in the 20s-30s of the ХХth century. It’s stated that general illiteracy hampered the economic and cultural development of the whole country. Therefore, after the October Revolution of 1917, along with the military front and the front of the struggle against economic destruction, there was a third – cultural, whose primary task was the struggle for literacy of the population. For the first time, documents from the State Archives of the Sumy Region on the process of a liquidation illiteracy in the region are being introduced into scientific circulation. The documents provide an idea of such activities as agitation of the population for literacy, encouragement of adults to study in illiteracy institutions and the ideological factor of the campaign to eliminate of illiteracy in Sumy region. One of the most important stages in the history of education and culture of the early twentieth century was the work to eliminate illiteracy, which unfolded widely after the adoption of the Decree of the People’s Commissar of the RSFSR «On the elimination of illiteracy among the RSFSR population» of December 26, 1919. The document provided for the complete elimination of illiteracy throughout the country. Liknep in Ukraine was initiated by the resolution of the SNC of the USSR «On Combating Illiteracy» of May 21, 1921, which virtually duplicated the previous decree of the People’s Commissar of the RSFSR, thus giving it effect in the Ukrainian SSR. Boyko, V. Kozyr, V. Motuz, and S. Svistovych dealt with the issue of eliminating illiteracy in Ukraine in various aspects. The elimination of illiteracy in the Sumy region is not represented by extensive historiography. Mostly local historians developed the topic of Ukrainization in the Sumy region in the 1920s and 1930s. In recent years, there has been interest in the topic, in particular, the issue of the liknep campaign is the subject of articles by L. Epik and N. Petrenko, the latter is working on thorough work on this issue. The source base of the study consists of documents of the 20-30s of the XX century of the State Archives of Sumy region. The term «liknep» (likvidatsiia nepysmennosti – elimination of illiteracy) meant the elimination, ie elimination of illiteracy, in other words, the teaching of basic literacy to those who cannot read, write and count at all. In contrast to the broad understanding of the word, in the system of likneps the word «literacy» meant only the initial, alphabetic literacy. The elimination of illiteracy was carried out by the educated part of the population in the order of labor service. Not only educational institutions, but also cultural and educational institutions, trade unions and committees of poor peasants took an active part in the dissemination of education. To solve the complex of problems related to the elimination of illiteracy, a system of special educational institutions has been created within the framework of public education. Working on the funds of the State Archives of Sumy region, we managed to find documents that characterize the initial stage of the campaign to eliminate illiteracy in Sumy region. In general, various forms of agitation for writing were used to attract illiterate citizens to the lyceums: reports at the meeting, devoted to substantiating the importance of writing with examples of its practical use; evenings of agitation for education, lectures. In addition, the agitation was also obvious. In particular, printing houses offered organizations a variety of campaign posters and illustrations. The agitation was successful. However, the authorities also understood that the population needed an incentive to study. That is why the authorities sent out documents with detailed instructions on benefits for students and those who have already learned to read and write. In particular, the hours of work with the preservation of wages were reduced for students, as well as certain benefits were provided when applying for and paying off loans, when insuring property, during market operations, and so on. All this was done in order to instill communist ideology, because from the first days of the Bolshevik revolution, the fight against illiteracy was considered by its ideologues as the most important political task, without which the success of social transformation was unlikely. Therefore, the elimination of illiteracy had a dual purpose: the Bolsheviks followed the general idea of the need for knowledge and the ideal of creating a full-fledged personality, on the other – setting the task of industrialization, the country needed a more literate worker. But this worker could fully meet the demands of the new government only if, along with knowledge, he mastered the advanced ideology. The policy of eliminating illiteracy was implemented on the territory of Ukraine, and a certain range of archival documents gives reason to believe that this political campaign was successful in Sumy region. The documents presented in the publication provide an opportunity to consider in more depth the initial stage of the campaign to eliminate illiteracy not only in Sumy region, but in Ukraine as a whole, as most of these documents were sent by the central government to all educational institutions. Documents are published with the original language and punctuation.
求助全文
通过发布文献求助,成功后即可免费获取论文全文。 去求助
来源期刊
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
copy
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
右上角分享
点击右上角分享
0
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:604180095
Book学术官方微信