反对第三世界的批评:瑞士对白人少数统治的立场

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摘要

在20世纪60年代末和70年代初,瑞士政府对葡萄牙殖民主义和安哥拉、莫桑比克和几内亚比绍独立战争的立场与冲突初期没有根本的不同。瑞士当局仍然倾向于避免表明立场,并试图向殖民者和被殖民者敞开大门。然而,这变得越来越困难,因为葡萄牙成为最后一个抵制非殖民化的欧洲殖民大国。对于由António de Oliveira Salazar领导的独裁政权Estado Novo来说,安哥拉、莫桑比克、几内亚比绍、佛得角和奥托梅斯岛Príncipe的殖民地是葡萄牙帝国不可分割的一部分。自20世纪60年代初以来,葡萄牙当局一直在对争取独立的非洲解放运动进行代价高昂的反叛乱战争1968年9月,马塞洛·卡埃塔诺从住院的萨拉查手中接过政权后,人们最初希望改变的希望很快就破灭了随着葡萄牙殖民主义成为一种时代错误,它被纳入南部非洲系统性种族歧视的普遍问题之下。葡萄牙殖民地与1965年单方面宣布脱离英国独立的罗得西亚白人定居者政权,以及占领纳米比亚的种族隔离南非一起,构成了非洲南部少数白人统治堡垒的一部分。三个少数民族政权在军事上进行合作,以对抗非洲民族主义的挑战,特别是在1970年下半年谈判达成了一项名为“阿尔科拉演习”的秘密非正式军事协议。尽管比勒陀利亚向里斯本和索尔兹伯里提供了一些军事支持,但两国政府都对对方不同的、但总是带有歧视性的组织多种族社会的方式持批评态度
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Countering Criticism from the Third World: Switzerland’s Stance on White Minority Rule
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Swiss government’s position towards Portuguese colonialism and the independence wars in Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau was not fundamentally different from during the early years of the conflict. The Swiss authorities still preferred to avoid taking a stand and tried to keep the door open to both the coloniser and the colonised. This was increasingly difficult, however, as Portugal became the last European colonial power to resist decolonisation. For the authoritarian Estado Novo regime led by António de Oliveira Salazar, the colonies of Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, and São Tomé e Príncipe were an integral part of the Portuguese empire. Since the early 1960s, the Portuguese authorities had been involved in costly counter-insurgency wars against African liberation movements fighting for independence.1 Initial hopes for change after Marcello Caetano took over from a hospitalised Salazar in September 1968 were soon dashed.2 As Portuguese colonialism became an anachronism, it was subsumed under the general problem of systematic racial discrimination in Southern Africa. Together with the white settler regime in Rhodesia that had, in 1965, unilaterally declared its independence from the UK, and an Apartheid South Africa that occupied Namibia, the Portuguese colonies formed part of a bastion of white minority rule in Southern Africa. The three minority regimes cooperated militarily to combat the challenge of African nationalism, notably negotiating a secret, informal military agreement called Exercise Alcora in the latter half of 1970. Although Pretoria provided some military support to Lisbon and Salisbury, each government was critical of the others’ different, but always discriminatory, way of organising their multiracial societies.3
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