男性气质何时“脆弱”?男性身份的期望差异威胁模型。

IF 7.7 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL
Personality and Social Psychology Review Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-01-03 DOI:10.1177/10888683221141176
Adam Stanaland, Sarah Gaither, Anna Gassman-Pines
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引用次数: 6

摘要

学术摘要:男人是一种不稳定的社会地位。在感知到的性别认同威胁下,男性更有可能做出某些刻板印象一致的反应,如攻击,以维持自己的性别地位。然而,人们对男性威胁反应的个体差异知之甚少,即男性身份或多或少“脆弱”的心理条件。“我们提出了一种新的男性身份模型,即男性规范预期在自我内部产生差异,以至于刚性规范被内化为义务性(实际的应该差异)与渴望性(实际理想差异),分别预测了减少这些差异的外在动机和内在动机。那么,在威胁下,外在动机预测外化反应(如攻击),内在动机引发内化反应(如焦虑、羞耻、自残)。我们还考虑了男性气质可能不那么脆弱的条件,例如,在期望不那么严格的情况下,以及在拒绝期望的男性中,作为减轻与男性气质威胁相关的不利结果的途径。公共摘要:在许多文化中,男性通过从事伤害自己和他人的行为(如暴力、性别歧视、恐同)来证明自己的男子气概,尤其是来自边缘化群体的人。然而,人们对为什么一些男性比其他男性更有可能做出这些证明男性气概的行为知之甚少。我们模型的目标是指定男性气质变得“脆弱”的某些条件,并在受到威胁时引发这些反应。例如,我们首先描述了男性所经历的刻板期望,即他们坚强而坚韧。我们认为,这些期望会导致男性在自己内心经历不同形式的差异,从而产生减少这些差异的相应动机。在威胁下,由他人期望驱动的动机会引发恢复男性地位的外在尝试(例如,攻击),而由自我理想驱动的动机则会引发内化反应(例如,羞耻、自残)。最后,我们讨论了如何减少这些差异,例如减轻和鼓励男性对男性气质期望的抵制。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
When Is Masculinity "Fragile"? An Expectancy-Discrepancy-Threat Model of Masculine Identity.

Academic abstract: Manhood is a precarious social status. Under perceived gender identity threat, men are disproportionately likely to enact certain stereotype-consistent responses such as aggression to maintain their gender status. Yet less is known regarding individual variation in men's threat responsiveness-that is, the psychological conditions under which one's masculine identity is more or less "fragile." We propose a novel model of masculine identity whereby masculine norm expectancy generates discrepancy within the self to the extent that rigid norms are internalized as obligational (actual-ought discrepancy) versus aspirational (actual-ideal discrepancy), which predict extrinsic versus intrinsic motivations to reduce these discrepancies, respectively. Under threat, then, extrinsic motivations predict externalized responses (e.g., aggression), and intrinsic motivations elicit internalized responses (e.g., anxiety, shame, self-harm). We also consider the conditions under which masculinity may be less fragile-for example, in contexts with less rigid expectations and among men who reject expectations-as pathways to mitigate adverse masculinity threat-related outcomes.

Public abstract: In many cultures, men prove their manhood by engaging in behaviors that harm themselves and others (e.g., violence, sexism, homophobia), particularly people from marginalized groups. Yet less is known about why some men are more likely than others to enact these masculinity-proving behaviors. The goal of our model is to specify certain conditions under which masculinities become "fragile" and elicit these responses when under threat. We start by describing the rigid expectations men experience-for example, that they are strong and tough. We propose that these expectations cause men to experience different forms of discrepancy within themselves that produce corresponding motivations to reduce these discrepancies. Under threat, motivations driven by others' expectations elicit outward attempts to restore masculine status (e.g., aggression), whereas motivations driven by self-ideals cause internalized responses (e.g., shame, self-harm). We conclude by discussing how to reduce these discrepancies, such as mitigating the rigidity of and encouraging men's resistance to masculinity expectations.

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来源期刊
CiteScore
19.00
自引率
1.90%
发文量
20
期刊介绍: Title: Personality and Social Psychology Review (PSPR) Journal Overview: Official journal of SPSP, the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc. Premiere outlet for original theoretical papers and conceptual review articles in all areas of personality and social psychology Features stimulating conceptual pieces identifying new research directions and comprehensive review papers providing integrative frameworks for existing theory and research programs Topics Covered: Attitudes and Social Cognition: Examines the inner workings of the human mind in understanding, evaluating, and responding to the social environment Interpersonal and Group Processes: Explores patterns of interaction and interdependence characterizing everyday human functioning Intergroup Relations: Investigates determinants of prejudice, conflict, cooperation, and harmonious relationships between social groups Personality and Individual Differences: Focuses on causes, assessment, structures, and processes giving rise to human variation Biological and Cultural Influences: Studies the biological and cultural mediation of social psychological and personality processes
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