COMBAR - Combatting anthelmintic resistance in ruminants.

Cattle, sheep and goats are parasitized by various helminth species, the most important being the gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and liver fl uke. These pathogens can cause severe disease and affect productivity in all classes of livestock and are worldwide amongst the most important production-limiting diseases of grazing ruminants [2]. Essentially, all herds/ fl ocks in a grass-based production system are affected and the major economic impact is due to sub-clinical infections causing reduced growth and milk/wool production. These parasitic worms can also cause severe distress and disease, affecting animal welfare, and through the impact on farm management, production and food security, indirectly human wellbeing.